[1] GBD 2015 Healthcare Access and Quality Collaborators. Healthcare access and quality index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a novel analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet, 2017; 390, 231−66. doi:  10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30818-8
[2] GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet, 2021; 397, 2337−60. doi:  10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01169-7
[3] He J, Gu DF, Wu XG, et al. Major causes of death among men and women in China. N Engl J Med, 2005; 353, 1124−34. doi:  10.1056/NEJMsa050467
[4] Xiao L, Nan Y, Di XB, et al. Study on smoking behavior and its changes among Chinese people aged 15 years and above in 2018. Chin J Epidemiol, 2022; 43, 811−7. (In Chinese
[5] Zeng XY, Di XB, Liu SW, et al. Smoking behavior among secondary school students - China, 2021. China CDC Wkly, 2022; 4, 441−7. doi:  10.46234/ccdcw2022.099
[6] Huang YY, Di XB, Nan Y, et al. Secondhand smoke exposure and its influencing factors among Chinese people aged 15 years and above in 2010 and 2018. Chin J Epidemiol, 2022; 43, 824−9. (In Chinese
[7] Xiao L, Yin X, Di XB, et al. Awareness and prevalence of e-cigarette use among Chinese adults: policy implications. Tob Control, 2022; 31, 498−504. doi:  10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056114
[8] Liu Z, Li YH, Cui ZY, et al. Prevalence of tobacco dependence and associated factors in China: findings from nationwide China health literacy survey during 2018-19. Lancet Reg Health West Pac, 2022; 24, 100464. doi:  10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100464
[9] Han YT, Hu YZ, Yu CQ, et al. Lifestyle, cardiometabolic disease, and multimorbidity in a prospective Chinese study. Eur Heart J, 2021; 42, 3374−84. doi:  10.1093/eurheartj/ehab413
[10] Li XH. China adult tobacco survey report in 2018. People’s Medical Publishing House. 2020. (In Chinese
[11] Yu DM, Zhao LY, Ju LH, et al. Status of energy and primary nutrients intake among Chinese population in 2015-2017. Food Nutr China, 2021; 27, 5−10. (In Chinese
[12] Huang LN, Wang ZH, Wang HJ, et al. Nutrition transition and related health challenges over decades in China. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2021; 75, 247−52. doi:  10.1038/s41430-020-0674-8
[13] Chinese Nutrition Society. Scientific research report on dietary guidelines for Chinese residents 2021. People’s Medical Publishing House. 2022. (In Chinese
[14] Disease Prevention and Control Bureau of the National Health Commission. Chinese residents nutrition and chronic diseases report 2020. People’s Medical Publishing House. 2022. (In Chinese
[15] Fardet A, Aubrun K, Rock E. Nutrition transition and chronic diseases in China (1990-2019): industrially processed and animal calories rather than nutrients and total calories as potential determinants of the health impact. Public Health Nutr, 2021; 24, 5561−75. doi:  10.1017/S1368980021003311
[16] Wang YF, Feng L, Zeng G, et al. Effects of cuisine-based Chinese heart-healthy diet in lowering blood pressure among adults in China: multicenter, single-blind, randomized, parallel controlled feeding trial. Circulation, 2022; 146, 303−15. doi:  10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059045
[17] Li KC, Huang LP, Tian MY, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a household salt substitution intervention: findings from 20 995 participants of the salt substitute and stroke study. Circulation, 2022; 145, 1534−41. doi:  10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059573
[18] Fan X, Cao ZB. Physical activity among Chinese school-aged children: national prevalence estimates from the 2016 physical activity and fitness in China-the youth study. J Sport Health Sci, 2017; 6, 388−94. doi:  10.1016/j.jshs.2017.09.006
[19] Zhu Z, Tang Y, Zhuang J, et al. Physical activity, screen viewing time, and overweight/obesity among Chinese children and adolescents: an update from the 2017 physical activity and fitness in China-the youth study. BMC Public Health, 2019; 19, 197. doi:  10.1186/s12889-019-6515-9
[20] Chen ST, Liu Y, Tremblay MS, et al. Meeting 24-h movement guidelines: prevalence, correlates, and the relationships with overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents. J Sport Health Sci, 2021; 10, 349−59. doi:  10.1016/j.jshs.2020.07.002
[21] Song Y, Luo DM, Hu PJ, et al. Trends of prevalence of excellent health status and physical fitness among Chinese Han students aged 13 to 18 years from 1985 to 2014. J Peking Univ (Health Sci), 2020; 52, 317−22. (In Chinese
[22] Yang X, Leung AW, Jago R, et al. Physical activity and sedentary behaviors among Chinese children: recent trends and correlates. Biomed Environ Sci, 2021; 34, 425−38.
[23] Li C, Wang LM, Zhang X, et al. Leisure-time physical activity among Chinese adults-China, 2015. China CDC Wkly, 2020; 2, 671−7.
[24] Ng SW, Popkin BM. Time use and physical activity: a shift away from movement across the globe. Obes Rev, 2012; 13, 659−80. doi:  10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00982.x
[25] Ng SW, Howard AG, Wang HJ, et al. The physical activity transition among adults in China: 1991-2011. Obes Rev, 2014; 15, 27−36.
[26] Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chronic Non communicable Diseases. Report on chronic disease risk factor surveillance in China 2013. Military Medical Science Press. 2016. (In Chinese
[27] Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chronic Non Communicable Diseases. Report on chronic disease risk factor surveillance in China 2018. Military Medical Science Press. 2021. (In Chinese
[28] Strain T, Brage S, Sharp SJ, et al. Use of the prevented fraction for the population to determine deaths averted by existing prevalence of physical activity: a descriptive study. Lancet Glob Health, 2020; 8, e920−30. doi:  10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30211-4
[29] Bennett DA, Du HD, Clarke R, et al. Association of physical activity with risk of major cardiovascular diseases in Chinese men and women. JAMA Cardiol, 2017; 2, 1349−58. doi:  10.1001/jamacardio.2017.4069
[30] Du HD, Bennett D, Li LM, et al. Physical activity and sedentary leisure time and their associations with BMI, waist circumference, and percentage body fat in 0.5 million adults: the China Kadoorie Biobank study. Am J Clin Nutr, 2013; 97, 487−96. doi:  10.3945/ajcn.112.046854
[31] Zhang J, Chaaban J. The economic cost of physical inactivity in China. Prev Med, 2013; 56, 75−8. doi:  10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.11.010
[32] Zhao LY, Ding GQ, Zhao WH. Report on Chinese residents’ nutrition and chronic diseases surveillance 2015-2017. People’s Medical Publishing House. 2022. (In Chinese
[33] Wang YF, Zhao L, Gao LW, et al. Health policy and public health implications of obesity in China. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2021; 9, 446−61. doi:  10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00118-2
[34] Disease Prevention and Control Bureau of the National Health Commission. Report on Chinese residents’ nutrition and chronic diseases. People’s Medical Publishing House. 2022. (In Chinese
[35] Global Burden Disease 2019. Global health data exchange. http://ghdx.healthdata.org. [2023-05-21
[36] Jiang CQ, Xu L, Zhang WS, et al. Adiposity and mortality in older Chinese: an 11-year follow-up of the Guangzhou Biobank cohort study. Sci Rep, 2020; 10, 1924. doi:  10.1038/s41598-020-58633-z
[37] Jia GC, Shu XO, Liu Y, et al. Association of adult weight gain with major health outcomes among middle-aged Chinese persons with low body weight in early adulthood. JAMA Netw Open, 2019; 2, e1917371. doi:  10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.17371
[38] Zanganeh M, Adab P, Li B, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a school-and family-based childhood obesity prevention programme in China: the “CHIRPY DRAGON” cluster-randomised controlled trial. Int J Public Health, 2021; 66, 1604025. doi:  10.3389/ijph.2021.1604025
[39] Ren YP, Yang H, Browning C, et al. Prevalence of depression in coronary heart disease in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chin Med J (Engl), 2014; 127, 2991−8.
[40] Chinese Medical Association, Chinese Medical Journals Publishing House, Chinese Society of General Practice, et al. Guideline for primary care of major depressive disorder (2021). Chin J Gen Pract, 2021; 20, 1249−60. (In Chinese
[41] Wang DD, Dai F, Liu WJ, et al. Longitudinal change and prognostic value of anxiety and depression in coronary heart disease patients. Ir J Med Sci, 2021; 190, 107−16. doi:  10.1007/s11845-020-02302-7
[42] Teo KK, Liu L, Chow CK, et al. Potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in China: the INTERHEART China study. Heart, 2009; 95, 1857−64. doi:  10.1136/hrt.2008.155796
[43] Li ZZ, Li YY, Chen LZ, et al. Prevalence of depression in patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2015; 94, e1317. doi:  10.1097/MD.0000000000001317
[44] Li HB, Qian F, Hou CB, et al. Longitudinal changes in depressive symptoms and risks of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a nationwide population-based cohort study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2020; 75, 2200−6. doi:  10.1093/gerona/glz228
[45] Liu N, Pan XF, Yu CQ, et al. Association of major depression with risk of ischemic heart disease in a mega-cohort of Chinese adults: the China Kadoorie Biobank study. J Am Heart Assoc, 2016; 5, e004687. doi:  10.1161/JAHA.116.004687
[46] Wang ZW, Chen Z, Zhang LF, et al. Status of hypertension in China: results from the China hypertension survey, 2012-2015. Circulation, 2018; 137, 2344−56. doi:  10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032380
[47] Zhang M, Wu J, Zhang X, et al. Prevalence and control of hypertension in adults in China, 2018. Chin J Epidemiol, 2021; 42, 1780−9. (In Chinese
[48] Luo YM, Xia F, Yu XX, et al. Long-term trends and regional variations of hypertension incidence in China: a prospective cohort study from the China health and nutrition survey, 1991-2015. BMJ Open, 2021; 11, e042053. doi:  10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042053
[49] Yi Q, Zha MM, Yang QW, et al. Trends in the prevalence of hypertension according to severity and phenotype in Chinese adults over two decades (1991-2015). J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 2021; 23, 1302−15. doi:  10.1111/jch.14306
[50] Sun NL, Jiang YN, Wang HY, et al. Survey on sodium and potassium intake in patients with hypertension in China. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 2021; 23, 1957−64. doi:  10.1111/jch.14355
[51] Neal B, Wu YF, Feng XX, et al. Effect of salt substitution on cardiovascular events and death. N Engl J Med, 2021; 385, 1067−77. doi:  10.1056/NEJMoa2105675
[52] Zhang WL, Zhang SY, Deng Y, et al. Trial of intensive blood-pressure control in older patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med, 2021; 385, 1268−79. doi:  10.1056/NEJMoa2111437
[53] Sun YX, Mu JJ, Wang DW, et al. A village doctor-led multifaceted intervention for blood pressure control in rural China: an open, cluster randomised trial. Lancet, 2022; 399, 1964−75. doi:  10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00325-7
[54] You LL, Zhao JH, Chen XY, et al. National essential public health services programs over the past decade research report two: progress and achievements of the implementation of national essential public health services programs over the past decade. Chin Gen Pract, 2022; 25, 3209−20. (In Chinese
[55] Li C, Chen KY, Cornelius V, et al. Applicability and cost-effectiveness of the systolic blood pressure intervention trial (SPRINT) in the Chinese population: a cost-effectiveness modeling study. PLoS Med, 2021; 18, e1003515. doi:  10.1371/journal.pmed.1003515
[56] Fan JL, Zheng WJ, Liu W, et al. Cost-effectiveness of intensive versus standard blood pressure treatment in older patients with hypertension in China. Hypertension, 2022; 79, 2631−41. doi:  10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20051
[57] Dong J, Dong HB, Yan YK, et al. Prevalence of hypertension and hypertension phenotypes after three visits in Chinese urban children. J Hypertens, 2022; 40, 1270−7. doi:  10.1097/HJH.0000000000002977
[58] Liu K, Li C, Gong HB, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for hypertension in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years: a school-based study in China. Hypertension, 2021; 78, 1577−85. doi:  10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17300
[59] Ye XX, Yi Q, Shao J, et al. Trends in prevalence of hypertension and hypertension phenotypes among Chinese children and adolescents over two decades (1991-2015). Front Cardiovasc Med, 2021; 8, 627741. doi:  10.3389/fcvm.2021.627741
[60] Dong YH, Ma J, Song Y, et al. Secular trends in blood pressure and overweight and obesity in Chinese boys and girls aged 7 to 17 years from 1995 to 2014. Hypertension, 2018; 72, 298−305. doi:  10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11291
[61] Song PK, Man QQ, Li H, et al. Trends in lipids level and dyslipidemia among Chinese adults, 2002-2015. Biomed Environ Sci, 2019; 32, 559−70.
[62] NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol. Nature, 2020; 582, 73−7. doi:  10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1
[63] Ding WQ, Cheng H, Yan YK, et al. 10-year trends in serum lipid levels and dyslipidemia among children and adolescents from several schools in Beijing, China. J Epidemiol, 2016; 26, 637−45. doi:  10.2188/jea.JE20140252
[64] Zhao WH, Zhang J, You Y, et al. Epidemiologic characteristics of dyslipidemia in people aged 18 years and over in China. Chin J Prev Med, 2005; 39, 306−10. (In Chinese
[65] Pan L, Yang ZH, Wu Y, et al. The prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of dyslipidemia among adults in China. Atherosclerosis, 2016; 248, 2−9. doi:  10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.006
[66] Dai J, Min JQ, Yang YJ. A study on the epidemic characteristics of dyslipidemia in adults of nine provinces of China. Chin J Cardiol, 2018; 46, 114−8. (In Chinese
[67] Disease Prevention and Control Bureau of the National Health Commission. Report on Chinese residents’ nutrition and chronic diseases 2015. People’s Medical Publishing House. 2015. (In Chinese
[68] China Hypertension Survey Investigators. Status of dyslipidemia among adults aged 35 years and above in China. Chin Circ J, 2019; 34, 681−7. (In Chinese
[69] Lu Y, Zhang HB, Lu JP, et al. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and availability of lipid-lowering medications among primary health care settings in China. JAMA Netw Open, 2021; 4, e2127573. doi:  10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.27573
[70] Zhang M, Deng Q, Wang LH, et al. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and achievement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets in Chinese adults: a nationally representative survey of 163, 641 adults. Int J Cardiol, 2018; 260, 196−203. doi:  10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.12.069
[71] Opoku S, Gan Y, Fu WN, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for dyslipidemia among adults in rural and urban China: findings from the China national stroke screening and prevention project (CNSSPP). BMC Public Health, 2019; 19, 1500. doi:  10.1186/s12889-019-7827-5
[72] Cheng H, Xiao P, Hou DQ, et al. Epidemiological characteristics and related factors of dyslipidemia among Beijing children and adolescents aged 6-16 years in 2017. Chin Circ J, 2020; 35, 566−72. (In Chinese
[73] Zhang MN, Li MT, Zhi XY, et al. Trends of a burden on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and its related risk factors in China, 1990 to 2019. Chin J Epidemiol, 2021; 42, 1797−803. (In Chinese
[74] Xing YY, Liu J, Hao YC, et al. Prehospital statin use and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at admission in acute coronary syndrome patients with history of myocardial infarction or revascularization: findings from the Improving care for cardiovascular disease in China (CCC) project. Am Heart J, 2019; 212, 120−8. doi:  10.1016/j.ahj.2019.02.019
[75] Xing YY, Liu J, Liu J, et al. Statin use and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients aged 75 years and older with acute coronary syndrome in China. Chin J Cardiol, 2019; 47, 351−9. (In Chinese
[76] Li SD, Liu ZG, Joseph P, et al. Modifiable risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality in China: a PURE substudy. Eur Heart J, 2022; 43, 2852−63. doi:  10.1093/eurheartj/ehac268
[77] Zeng YH, Liu J, Liu J, et al. The expanding needs on lipid-lowering treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome by applying newly issued definition of extreme high-risk by Chinese society of cardiology. Chin J Cardiol, 2020; 48, 1039−46. (In Chinese
[78] Gong YJ, Li X, Ma X, et al. Lipid goal attainment in post-acute coronary syndrome patients in China: results from the 6-month real-world dyslipidemia international study II. Clin Cardiol, 2021; 44, 1575−85. doi:  10.1002/clc.23725
[79] Zhong XL. Diabetes mellitus survey in China. Chin Med J (Engl), 1982; 95, 423−30.
[80] Li YZ, Teng D, Shi XG, et al. Prevalence of diabetes recorded in mainland China using 2018 diagnostic criteria from the American diabetes association: national cross sectional study. BMJ, 2020; 369, m997.
[81] Liu YH, Ning X, Zhang LY, et al. Prevalence of long-term complications in inpatients with diabetes mellitus in China: a nationwide tertiary hospital-based study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care, 2022; 10, e002720. doi:  10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002720
[82] Wang CC, Xie ZL, Huang X, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 2013-2018. Curr Med Res Opin, 2022; 38, 345−54. doi:  10.1080/03007995.2021.2022382
[83] Gong QH, Zhang P, Wang JP, et al. Morbidity and mortality after lifestyle intervention for people with impaired glucose tolerance: 30-year results of the Da Qing diabetes prevention outcome study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2019; 7, 452−61. doi:  10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30093-2
[84] Jiang XJ, Jiang H, Tao LB, et al. The cost-effectiveness analysis of self-efficacy-focused structured education program for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in mainland China setting. Front Public Health, 2021; 9, 767123. doi:  10.3389/fpubh.2021.767123
[85] Zhang LX, Wang F, Wang L, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet, 2012; 379, 815−22. doi:  10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60033-6
[86] Jin HY, Zhou JY, Wu CK. Prevalence and health correlates of reduced kidney function among community-dwelling Chinese older adults: the China health and retirement longitudinal study. BMJ Open, 2020; 10, e042396. doi:  10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042396
[87] Zhang LX, Zhao MH, Zuo L, et al. China kidney disease network (CK-NET) 2016 annual data report. Kidney Int Suppl (2011), 2020; 10, e97−185. doi:  10.1016/j.kisu.2020.09.001
[88] Yao CH, Hu YS, Zhai FY, et al. Adults prevalence of metabolic syndrome in China in 2002. Chin J Diabetes, 2007; 15, 332−5. (In Chinese
[89] He YN, Zhao WH, Zhao LY, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults in 2010-2012. Chin J Epidemiol, 2017; 38, 212−5. (In Chinese
[90] He YN, Zhao WH, Zhao LY. The epidemic status of metabolic syndrome among Chinese adolescents aged 10-17 years in 2010-2012. Chin J Prev Med, 2017; 51, 513−8. (In Chinese
[91] Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Global burden of disease study 2019 (GBD 2019) results. https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. [2023-05-21
[92] Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China. Bulletin on the state of China’s ecological environment 2021. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-05/28/5692799/files/349e930e68794f3287888d8dbe9b3ced.pdf. [2023-03-26]. (In Chinese
[93] Liu C, Yin P, Chen RJ, et al. Ambient carbon monoxide and cardiovascular mortality: a nationwide time-series analysis in 272 cities in China. Lancet Planet Health, 2018; 2, e12−8. doi:  10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30181-X
[94] Yin P, Chen RJ, Wang LJ, et al. Ambient ozone pollution and daily mortality: a nationwide study in 272 Chinese cities. Environ Health Perspect, 2017; 125, 117006. doi:  10.1289/EHP1849
[95] Chen RJ, Yin P, Meng X, et al. Associations between ambient nitrogen dioxide and daily cause-specific mortality: evidence from 272 Chinese cities. Epidemiology, 2018; 29, 482−9. doi:  10.1097/EDE.0000000000000829
[96] Wang LJ, Liu C, Meng X, et al. Associations between short-term exposure to ambient sulfur dioxide and increased cause-specific mortality in 272 Chinese cities. Environ Int, 2018; 117, 33−9. doi:  10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.019
[97] Chen RJ, Yin P, Meng X, et al. Fine particulate air pollution and daily mortality. A nationwide analysis in 272 Chinese cities. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2017; 196, 73−81. doi:  10.1164/rccm.201609-1862OC
[98] Sun Y, Zhang Y, Chen C, et al. Impact of heavy PM2.5 pollution events on mortality in 250 Chinese counties. Environ Sci Technol, 2022; 56, 8299−307. doi:  10.1021/acs.est.1c07340
[99] Liang FC, Xiao QY, Huang KY, et al. The 17-y spatiotemporal trend of PM2.5 and its mortality burden in China. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2020; 117, 25601−8. doi:  10.1073/pnas.1919641117
[100] Tang R, Zhao J, Liu YF, et al. Air quality and health co-benefits of China's carbon dioxide emissions peaking before 2030. Nat Commun, 2022; 13, 1008. doi:  10.1038/s41467-022-28672-3
[101] Yang JZ, Zhao Y, Cao J, et al. Co-benefits of carbon and pollution control policies on air quality and health till 2030 in China. Environ Int, 2021; 152, 106482. doi:  10.1016/j.envint.2021.106482
[102] Lu YL, Fan ZY, Jiang HQ, et al. Economic Benefit of air quality improvement during implementation of the air pollution prevention and control action plan in Beijing. Environ Sci, 2021; 42, 2730−9. (In Chinese
[103] Li D, Xiao H, Ma S, et al. Health benefits of air quality improvement: empirical research based on medical insurance reimbursement data. Front Public Health, 2022; 10, 855457. doi:  10.3389/fpubh.2022.855457
[104] Jiang YY, Qi L, Mao F, et al. Research on the status of multi-sector cooperation in national chronic disease comprehensive control and prevention demonstration areas. Chin J Health Policy, 2019; 12, 59−66. (In Chinese
[105] Zhang WW, Wang LJ. Evaluation on construction of demonstration area for comprehensive prevention and control of chronic diseases, Lishan district, Anshan City, 2013-2020. Prev Med Trib, 2022; 28, 81−4. (In Chinese
[106] Zhang H, Xiong JY, Guan WB, et al. Analyzing the management effects of chronic diseases: taking national demonstration zone of chronic diseases comprehensive prevention and control as an example. Chin Hosp, 2019; 23, 15−7. (In Chinese
[107] Wang W, Liu YN, Liu JM, et al. Mortality and years of life lost of cardiovascular diseases in China, 2005-2020: empirical evidence from national mortality surveillance system. Int J Cardiol, 2021; 340, 105−12. doi:  10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.08.034
[108] National Health Commission. China health statistics yearbook 2021. Peking Union Medical College Press. 2021. (In Chinese
[109] Center for Health Statistics and Information. An analysis report of national health services survey in China, 2013. Peking Union Medical College Press. 2016. (In Chinese
[110] Li J, Li X, Wang Q, et al. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in China from 2001 to 2011 (the China PEACE-retrospective acute myocardial infarction study): a retrospective analysis of hospital data. Lancet, 2015; 385, 441−51. doi:  10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60921-1
[111] Xu HY, Yang YJ, Wang CS, et al. Association of hospital-level differences in care with outcomes among patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in China. JAMA Netw Open, 2020; 3, e2021677. doi:  10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.21677
[112] Zhao YY, Yang JG, Xu HB, et al. Association between the composite measures of hospital performance and in-hospital mortality for patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in China. Chin Circ J, 2019; 34, 437−43. (In Chinese
[113] Hao YC, Zhao D, Liu J, et al. Performance of management strategies with class I recommendations among patients hospitalized with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in China. JAMA Cardiol, 2022; 7, 484−91. doi:  10.1001/jamacardio.2022.0117
[114] Hu MJ, Peng Y, Gao XJ, et al. Coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients with symptom onset >12 hours: data from China acute myocardial infarction registry. Angiology, 2023; 74, 171−80. doi:  10.1177/00033197221098885
[115] Liu CY, Tang CX, Zhang XL, et al. Deep learning powered coronary CT angiography for detecting obstructive coronary artery disease: the effect of reader experience, calcification and image quality. Eur J Radiol, 2021; 142, 109835. doi:  10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109835
[116] Li X, Gu DC, Wang XQ, et al. Trends of coronary artery bypass grafting performance in a cohort of hospitals in China between 2013 and 2018. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 2021; 14, e007025. doi:  10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.120.007025
[117] Ma QF, Li R, Wang LJ, et al. Temporal trend and attributable risk factors of stroke burden in China, 1990-2019: an analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet Public Health, 2021; 6, e897−906. doi:  10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00228-0
[118] Sun T, Chen SY, Wu K, et al. Trends in incidence and mortality of stroke in China from 1990 to 2019. Front Neurol, 2021; 12, 759221. doi:  10.3389/fneur.2021.759221
[119] Gu HQ, Yang X, Wang CJ, et al. Clinical characteristics, management, and in-hospital outcomes in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack in China. JAMA Netw Open, 2021; 4, e2120745. doi:  10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.20745
[120] Ni WY, Kunz WG, Goyal M, et al. Quality of life and cost consequence of delays in endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke in China. Health Econ Rev, 2022; 12, 4. doi:  10.1186/s13561-021-00352-w
[121] Cai ZL, Cai D, Wang RW, et al. Cost-effectiveness of CYP2C19 genotyping to guide antiplatelet therapy for acute minor stroke and high-risk transient ischemic attack. Sci Rep, 2021; 11, 7383. doi:  10.1038/s41598-021-86824-9
[122] Shi SB, Tang YH, Zhao QY, et al. Prevalence and risk of atrial fibrillation in China: a national cross-sectional epidemiological study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac, 2022; 23, 100439. doi:  10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100439
[123] Hu DY, Sun YH, Zhou ZQ, et al. Risk factors for stroke in Chinese with non valvular atrial fibrillation: a case-control study. Chin J Intern Med, 2003; 42, 157−61. (In Chinese
[124] Chang SS, Dong JZ, Ma CS, et al. Current status and time trends of oral anticoagulation use among Chinese patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: the Chinese atrial fibrillation registry study. Stroke, 2016; 47, 1803−10. doi:  10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.012988
[125] Bai Y, Liu XY, Liu Y, et al. Prevalence of recommended anticoagulation by guidelines preadmission and its impact on the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and in-hospital outcomes after AMI in atrial fibrillation patients. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2022; 54, 91−6. doi:  10.1007/s11239-021-02622-0
[126] Huang CX, Zhang S, Ma CS, et al. A report from registered catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in China-2008. Chin J Card Arrhythmia, 2011; 15, 247−51. (In Chinese
[127] Liu Y, Zhan XZ, Xue YM, et al. Incidence and outcomes of cerebrovascular events complicating catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Europace, 2016; 18, 1357−65. doi:  10.1093/europace/euv356
[128] Zhang JH, Zhou XH, Xing Q, et al. Epidemiological investigation of sudden cardiac death in multiethnic Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in Northwest China. BMC Public Health, 2019; 19, 116. doi:  10.1186/s12889-019-6435-8
[129] Gao YF, Liu WL, Li CL, et al. Common genotypes of long QT syndrome in China and the role of ECG prediction. Cardiology, 2016; 133, 73−8. doi:  10.1159/000440608
[130] Cao XN, Li Y, Wang Y, et al. Analysis of prevalence, related leads and forms of early repolarization in Chinese college athletes. Chin J Card Pacing Electrophysiol, 2015; 29, 102−5. (In Chinese
[131] Hua W, Fan XH, Su YG, et al. The efficacy and safety of cardiac contractility modulation in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy: Chinese experience. Int J Heart Rhythm, 2017; 2, 29−33. doi:  10.4103/IJHR.IJHR_13_16
[132] Hu M, Han Y, Zhao WY, et al. Long-term cost-effectiveness comparison of catheter ablation and antiarrhythmic drugs in atrial fibrillation treatment using discrete event simulation. Value Health, 2022; 25, 975−83. doi:  10.1016/j.jval.2021.10.014
[133] Yang Y, Wang ZW, Chen Z, et al. Current status and etiology of valvular heart disease in China: a population-based survey. BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 2021; 21, 339. doi:  10.1186/s12872-021-02154-8
[134] Wang YS, Wu BT, Li J, et al. Distribution patterns of valvular and vascular complications in bicuspid aortic valve. Int Heart J, 2020; 61, 273−80. doi:  10.1536/ihj.19-467
[135] Zhao LJ, Chen LZ, Yang TB, et al. Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease in China, 1980-2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 617 studies. Eur J Epidemiol, 2020; 35, 631−42. doi:  10.1007/s10654-020-00653-0
[136] Zhao QM, Liu F, Wu L, et al. Prevalence of congenital heart disease at live birth in China. J Pediatr, 2019; 204, 53−8. doi:  10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.08.040
[137] Chinese Society of Extracorporeal Circulation. White book of Chinese cardiovascular surgery and extracorporeal circulation in 2021. Chin J Extracorpor Circ, 2022; 20, 196−9. (In Chinese
[138] National Center for Cardiovascular Quality Improvement. 2021 Medical quality report of cardiovascular diseases in China: an executive summary. Chin Circ J, 2021; 36, 1041−64. (In Chinese
[139] Zou YB, Song L, Wang ZM, et al. Prevalence of idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in China: a population-based echocardiographic analysis of 8080 adults. Am J Med, 2004; 116, 14−8. doi:  10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.05.009
[140] Wang ZM, Zou YB, Song L, et al. Prevalence of idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 8080 adults by echocardiography. Chin J Cardiol, 2004; 32, 1090−4. (In Chinese
[141] Li SE, Hou J, Wang T, et al. The prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy in northern non-endemic areas of Keshan disease. Chin J Control Endem Dis, 2013; 28, 184−7. (In Chinese
[142] Chinese Society of Cardiology. Retrospective investigation of hospitalized patients with heart failure in some parts of China in 1980, 1990 and 2000. Chin J Cardiol, 2002; 30, 450−4. (In Chinese
[143] Cooperation Group of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathy in Children, the Subspecialty Group of Cardiology, the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association. Investigation and analysis of cardiomyopathy in children from 33 hospitals in China: a multicenter study of 4 981 cases from 2006 to 2018. Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr, 2021; 36, 983−9. (In Chinese
[144] Chan WX, Yang SW, Wang J, et al. Clinical characteristics and survival of children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in China: a multicentre retrospective cohort study. eClinicalMedicine, 2022; 49, 101466. doi:  10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101466
[145] Wang JZ, Wang YL, Zou YB, et al. Malignant effects of multiple rare variants in sarcomere genes on the prognosis of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail, 2014; 16, 950−7. doi:  10.1002/ejhf.144
[146] Wu GX, Liu LW, Zhou ZY, et al. East Asian-specific common variant in TNNI3 predisposes to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation, 2020; 142, 2086−9. doi:  10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050384
[147] Bao JR, Wang JZ, Yao Y, et al. Correlation of ventricular arrhythmias with genotype in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Genet, 2013; 6, 552−6. doi:  10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.113.000122
[148] Chen L, Rao M, Chen X, et al. A founder homozygous DSG2 variant in East Asia results in ARVC with full penetrance and heart failure phenotype. Int J Cardiol, 2019; 274, 263−70. doi:  10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.06.105
[149] Rao M, Guo GR, Li MM, et al. The homozygous variant c. 245G >A/p. G82D in PNPLA2 is associated with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy phenotypic manifestations. Clin Genet, 2019; 96, 532−40. doi:  10.1111/cge.13642
[150] Wang WM, Wang JZ, Yao K, et al. Metabolic characterization of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in human heart. Nat Cardiovasc Res, 2022; 1, 445−61. doi:  10.1038/s44161-022-00057-1
[151] Gu DF, Huang GY, He J, et al. Investigation of prevalence and distributing feature of chronic heart failure in Chinese adult population. Chin J Cardiol, 2003; 31, 3−6. (In Chinese
[152] Hao G, Wang X, Chen Z, et al. Prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in China: the China hypertension survey, 2012-2015. Eur J Heart Fail, 2019; 21, 1329−37. doi:  10.1002/ejhf.1629
[153] Zhang YH, Zhang J, Butler J, et al. Contemporary epidemiology, management, and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in China: results from the China heart failure (China-HF) registry. J Card Fail, 2017; 23, 868−75. doi:  10.1016/j.cardfail.2017.09.014
[154] Working Group on Heart Failure, National Center for Cardiovascular Quality Improvement. 2020 Clinical performance and quality measures for heart failure in China. Chin Circ J, 2021; 36, 221−38. (In Chinese
[155] Li Y, Sun XL, Qiu H, et al. Long-term outcomes and independent predictors of mortality in patients presenting to emergency departments with acute heart failure in Beijing: a multicenter cohort study with a 5-year follow-up. Chin Med J (Engl), 2021; 134, 1803−11. doi:  10.1097/CM9.0000000000001617
[156] Quan RL, Zhang GC, Yu ZX, et al. Characteristics, goal-oriented treatments and survival of pulmonary arterial hypertension in China: insights from a national multicentre prospective registry. Respirology, 2022; 27, 517−28. doi:  10.1111/resp.14247
[157] Li M, Wang Q, Zhao J, et al. Chinese SLE treatment and research group (CSTAR) registry: II. Prevalence and risk factors of pulmonary arterial hypertension in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus, 2014; 23, 1085−91. doi:  10.1177/0961203314527366
[158] Jing ZC, Xu XQ, Han ZY, et al. Registry and survival study in Chinese patients with idiopathic and familial pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest, 2007; 132, 373−9. doi:  10.1378/chest.06-2913
[159] Zhang R, Dai LZ, Xie WP, et al. Survival of Chinese patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension in the modern treatment era. Chest, 2011; 140, 301−9. doi:  10.1378/chest.10-2327
[160] Jiang X, Zhu YJ, Zhou YP, et al. Clinical features and survival in Takayasu's arteritis-associated pulmonary hypertension: a nationwide study. Eur Heart J, 2021; 42, 4298−305. doi:  10.1093/eurheartj/ehab599
[161] Zhou YP, Wei YP, Yang YJ, et al. Percutaneous pulmonary angioplasty for patients with Takayasu arteritis and pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2022; 79, 1477−88.
[162] Huang D, Chan PH, She HL, et al. Secular trends and etiologies of venous thromboembolism in Chinese from 2004 to 2016. Thromb Res, 2018; 166, 80−5. doi:  10.1016/j.thromres.2018.04.021
[163] Zhang Z, Lei JP, Shao X, et al. Trends in hospitalization and in-hospital mortality from VTE, 2007 to 2016, in China. Chest, 2019; 155, 342−53. doi:  10.1016/j.chest.2018.10.040
[164] Zhai ZG, Wang DY, Lei JP, et al. Trends in risk stratification, in-hospital management and mortality of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: an analysis from the China pUlmonary thromboembolism REgistry study (CURES). Eur Respir J, 2021; 58, 2002963. doi:  10.1183/13993003.02963-2020
[165] Zhai ZG, Kan QC, Li WM, et al. VTE risk profiles and prophylaxis in medical and surgical inpatients: the identification of Chinese hospitalized patients' risk profile for venous thromboembolism (DissolVE-2)-a cross-sectional study. Chest, 2019; 155, 114−22. doi:  10.1016/j.chest.2018.09.020
[166] Tang X, Lu K, Liu XF, et al. Incidence and survival of aortic dissection in urban China: results from the national insurance claims for epidemiological research (NICER) study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac, 2021; 17, 100280. doi:  10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100280
[167] Hagan PG, Nienaber CA, Isselbacher EM, et al. The international registry of acute aortic dissection (IRAD): new insights into an old disease. JAMA, 2000; 283, 897−903. doi:  10.1001/jama.283.7.897
[168] Wang WG, Duan WX, Xue Y, et al. Clinical features of acute aortic dissection from the registry of aortic dissection in China. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2014; 148, 2995−3000. doi:  10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.07.068
[169] Duan WX, Wang WG, Xia L, et al. Clinical profiles and outcomes of acute type A aortic dissection and intramural hematoma in the current era: lessons from the first registry of aortic dissection in China. Chin Med J (Engl), 2021; 134, 927−34. doi:  10.1097/CM9.0000000000001459
[170] Chen JM, Gao Y, Jiang YX, et al. Low ambient temperature and temperature drop between neighbouring days and acute aortic dissection: a case-crossover study. Eur Heart J, 2022; 43, 228−35. doi:  10.1093/eurheartj/ehab803
[171] Li K, Zhang KW, Li TX, et al. Primary results of abdominal aortic aneurysm screening in the at-risk residents in middle China. BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 2018; 18, 60. doi:  10.1186/s12872-018-0793-5
[172] Jiang B, Li XT, Zhang DM, et al. Preliminary results of ultrasound screening program for abdominal aortic aneurysm in Liaoning Province, Northeast China. Chin J Vasc Surg, 2019; 4, 20−4. (In Chinese
[173] Wang ZW, Wang X, Hao G, et al. A national study of the prevalence and risk factors associated with peripheral arterial disease from China: the China hypertension survey, 2012-2015. Int J Cardiol, 2019; 275, 165−70. doi:  10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.10.047
[174] Zhang XM, Ran XW, Xu ZR, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of lower extremity arterial disease in Chinese diabetes patients at high risk: a prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study. J Diabetes Complications, 2018; 32, 150−6. doi:  10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.10.003
[175] Wang XJ. Epidemiological characteristics of carotid atherosclerosis and its association with cardiovascular disease in Chinese aged 40 years or older. Huazhong University of Science and Technology. 2018. (In Chinese
[176] Wang YQ, Li LJ, Li Y, et al. The impact of dietary diversity, lifestyle, and blood lipids on carotid atherosclerosis: a cross-sectional study. Nutrients, 2022; 14, 815. doi:  10.3390/nu14040815
[177] Zhang L, Zhao JY, Fan Y, et al. Association among visceral adipose index, lipid accumulation product and carotid atherosclerosis in the population at high risk of stroke. Chin J Arterioscler, 2021; 29, 240−6. (In Chinese
[178] Report on Stroke Prevention and Treatment in China Writing Group. Brief report on stroke prevention and treatment in China, 2020. Chin J Cerebrovasc Dis, 2022; 19, 136−44. (In Chinese
[179] Sheng CS, Liu M, Zeng WF, et al. Four-limb blood pressure as predictors of mortality in elderly Chinese. Hypertension, 2013; 61, 1155−60. doi:  10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00969
[180] Che WQ, Jiang XJ, Dong H, et al. Etiology and anatomic characteristics of subclavian artery stenosis: analysis of data from 1793 patients hospitalized in Fuwai hospital between 1999 and 2017. Chin Circ J, 2018; 33, 1197−202. (In Chinese
[181] Xu CS, Liu WG, Ye W. Meta-analysis of mesenteric arterial embolism or mesenteric arterial thrombosis. Chin J Gastrointest Surg, 2007; 10, 524−7. (In Chinese
[182] Sun DL, Zhang ZY, Zhang YS, et al. A collection of misdiagnosis of ischemic enteropathy of the past decade in China. Clin Misdiagn Misther, 2009; 22, 68−70. (In Chinese
[183] Xiong HL, Peng M, Jiang XJ, et al. Time trends regarding the etiology of renal artery stenosis: 18 years' experience from the China center for cardiovascular disease. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 2018; 20, 1302−9. doi:  10.1111/jch.13356
[184] Liu D, Ma ZQ, Yang JG, et al. Prevalence and prognosis significance of cardiovascular disease in cancer patients: a population-based study. Aging (Albany NY), 2019; 11, 7948−60.
[185] Zhang ZX, Pack Q, Squires RW, et al. Availability and characteristics of cardiac rehabilitation programmes in China. Heart Asia, 2016; 8, 9−12. doi:  10.1136/heartasia-2016-010758
[186] Li JN, Li LSW. Development of rehabilitation in China. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 2019; 30, 769−73. doi:  10.1016/j.pmr.2019.07.010
[187] Zhang N, Zhang YMF, Liu JY, et al. National rehabilitation medicine professional medical services and quality safety report, 2019. Chin J Phys Med Rehabil, 2020; 42, 1146−52. (In Chinese
[188] Liu LL, Lu YQ, Bi QQ, et al. Effects of different intervention time points of early rehabilitation on patients with acute ischemic stroke: a single-center, randomized control study. Biomed Res Int, 2021; 2021, 1940549.
[189] Wang FD, Zhang S, Zhou FH, et al. Early physical rehabilitation therapy between 24 and 48 h following acute ischemic stroke onset: a randomized controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil, 2022; 44, 3967−72. doi:  10.1080/09638288.2021.1897168
[190] Yu JJ, Zhou F, Zhang Y. Comparision of early interventional rehabilitation training with delayed training on motor function recovery in patients with cerebral haemorrhage. J Pak Med Assoc, 2020; 70, 71−7.
[191] National Center for Cardiovascular Disease. Annual report on cardiovascular health and diseases in China 2022. Peking Union Medical College Press. 2023. (In Chinese