[1] Lammer F, Gurusamy K, Ko CW, et al. Gallstones. Nat Revi Dis Primers, 2016; 2, 16024−40. doi:  10.1038/nrdp.2016.24
[2] Sherling DH, Perumareddi P, Hennekens CH. Metabolic syndrome. J Cardiovas Phar Ther, 2017; 22, 365−7. doi:  10.1177/1074248416686187
[3] Lao XQ, Zhang YH, Wong MC, et al. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors in adults in southern China. BMC Public Health, 2012; 12, 64−71. doi:  10.1186/1471-2458-12-64
[4] Zhou HC, Lai YX, Shan ZY, et al. Effectiveness of different waist circumference cut-off values in predicting metabolic syndrome prevalence and risk factors in adults in China. Biomed Environ Sci, 2014; 27, 325−34.
[5] Rochlani Y, Pothineni NV, Mehta JL. Metabolic syndrome: does it differ between women and men? Cardiovas Drug Ther, 2015; 29, 329−38. doi:  10.1007/s10557-015-6593-6
[6] Chen L, Qiao QH, Zhang SC, et al. Metabolic syndrome and gallstone disease. World J Gastroentero, 2012; 18, 4215−20. doi:  10.3748/wjg.v18.i31.4215
[7] Bai Y, Yang A, Pu H, et al. Cohort profile: the China metal-exposed workers cohort study (Jinchang cohort). Inter J Epidemiol, 2017; 46, 1095−6e.
[8] Lin IC, Yang YW, Wu MF, et al. The association of metabolic syndrome and its factors with gallstone disease. BMC Fam Pract, 2014; 15, 138−43. doi:  10.1186/1471-2296-15-138
[9] Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation, 2009; 120, 1640−5. doi:  10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644
[10] Stinton LM, Myers RP, Shaffer EA. Epidemiology of gallstones. Gastroenterol Clin North America, 2010; 39, 157−69, vii. doi:  10.1016/j.gtc.2010.02.003
[11] Madura JA, Loomis RC, Harris RA, et al. Relationship of obesity to bile lithogenicity in man. Ann Surg, 1979; 189, 106−11. doi:  10.1097/00000658-197901000-00020
[12] Shaffer EA, Small DM. Biliary lipid secretion in cholesterol gallstone disease. The effect of cholecystectomy and obesity. J Clin Invest, 1977; 59, 828−40. doi:  10.1172/JCI108705
[13] Mathus-vliegen EM, Van Ierland-Leeuwen ML, et al. Determinants of gallbladder kinetics in obesity. Dig Dis Sci, 2004; 49, 9−16. doi:  10.1023/B:DDAS.0000011595.39555.c0
[14] Han T, Zhang D, Fu Z, et al. Retinol-binding protein 4 as a risk factor for cholesterol gallstone formation. Mol Cell Biochem, 2013; 377, 219−27. doi:  10.1007/s11010-013-1587-9
[15] Wang RC, Li GD, Zhang JL, et al. Clinical study on gallstones associated with metabolic syndrome based on turbidity toxicity theory. World J Integr Tradit West Med, 2019; 14, 695−9.
[16] Guo S. Insulin signaling, resistance, and the metabolic syndrome: insights from mouse models into disease mechanisms. J Endocrinol, 2014; 220, T1−t23. doi:  10.1530/JOE-13-0584
[17] Liew PL, Wang W, Lee YC, et al. Gallbladder disease among obese patients in Taiwan. Obes Surg, 2007; 17, 383−90. doi:  10.1007/s11695-007-9068-4
[18] Kovacs P, Kurtz U, Wittettenburg H. Hepatic insulin resistance ties cholesterol gallstone formation and the metabolic syndrome. Annals Hepatol, 2008; 7, 262−4. doi:  10.1016/S1665-2681(19)31861-7