导读

题目	Simultaneous Determination of Melamine, Ammelide, Ammeline, and Cyanuric Acid in Milk and Milk Products by Gas hromatography- tandem Mass Spectrometry 气相色谱－质谱联用仪同时测定奶及奶制品中三聚氰胺、三聚氰胺一酰胺、三聚氰酸二酰胺和三聚氰酸
作者	Hong MIAO, Sai FAN, Yong-Ning WU, Lei ZHANG, Ping-Ping ZHOU,Jing-Guang LI,Hui-Jing CHEN, and Yun-Feng ZHAO
卷期页码	BES 22卷 第二期 87-94页
摘要	Objective  To develop an analytical method for simultaneously qualitative and quantitative determination of melamine and triazine-related by-products including ammelide, ammeline, and cyanuric acid in milk and milk products by gas chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS).  Methods  Melamine and triazine-related by-products namely ammelide, ammeline and cyanuric acid in the samples were extracted in a solvent mixture of diethylamine, water, and acetonitrile (10:40:50, V/V/V). After centrifugation, an aliquot of the supernatant was evaporated to dryness under a gentle stream of nitrogen gas, and then melamine and triazine-related by-products were derivatized using BSTFA with 1% TMCS. The derivatives of melamine and its analogues were determined by gas chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry using multiple reactional monitoring (MRM) with 2, 6-Diamino-4-chloropyrimidine (DACP) being used as an internal standard.  Results  The linear detectable ranges were from 0.004 mg/kg to 1.6 mg/kg for melamine, ammelide, ammeline, and cyanuric acid with a correlation coefficient no less than 0.999. The recovery rates of the four compounds in spiked blank milk powder at concentrations 0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg were between 61.4%-117.2%, and the relative standard deviation was no more than 11.5% (n=6). The detection limits of melamine, ammelide, ammeline and cyanuric acid in milk powder were 0.002 mg/kg with a ratio of signal to noise of 3.  Conclusion  This GC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of melamine, ammelide, ammeline, and cyanuric acid in milk and milk products is sensitive and specific.
题目	A Survey on Occurrence of Melamine and Its Analogues in Tainted Infant Formula in China 中国婴幼儿配方奶污染事件中三聚氰胺及其类似物的调查
作者	Yong-Ning WU, Yun-Feng ZHAO, Jin-Guang LI,and MELAMINE ANALYSIS GROUP
卷期页码	BES 22卷 第二期 95-99页
摘要	Objective  To investigate the occurrence and concentrations of melamine and its analogues in tainted infant formula and to identify the etiologic factors for the urinary stones epidemic in infants and young children in China in 2008.  Methods  Sanlu infant formula samples were collected from families of the affected children in Gansu province, and markets in Gansu and Hebei provinces and Beijing city. Melamine and its analogues, including cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide were measured by gas chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry.  Results  High prevalence and concentrations of melamine were found in Sanlu infant formula samples, with low concentrations of cyanuric acid, ammeline and ammelide. Melamine were detected in 87 out of 111 Sanlu infant formula samples with a range of 118 to 4 700 mg/kg,  Conclusion  The results provide strong evidence for melamine as the etiological factor for the urinary stones epidemic in infants and young children in China in 2008.
题目	Assessment on Dietary Melamine Exposure from Tainted Infant Formula 婴幼儿配方奶污染事件中膳食三聚氰胺暴露评估
作者	Xu-dong JIA, Ning LI, Zhu-tian WANG, Yun-feng ZHAO, Yong-ning WU,and Wei-xing YAN
卷期页码	BES 22卷 第二期 100-103页
摘要	Objective  To estimate the dietary melamine exposure in Chinese infants and young children from the consumption of melamine adulterated Sanlu infant formula.  Methods  Four age groups of infants and young children (3, 6, 12, and 24 months) were chosen as the assessed subjects and the maximum amount of infant formula consumption was estimated based on the recommended usage level in the package insert of Sanlu infant formula and other brands. Melamine was analyzed in 111 Sanlu infant formula samples collected from the markets in Beijing and Gansu province using the LC-MS-MS with a limit of quantification of 0.05 mg/kg. Four levels of melamine concentration were chosen to estimate the dietary intakes, including the mean, median, 90th percentile, and maximum.  Results  The infants of 3 months had the highest intake of melamine, and with the increase of the age (month), the intake decreased. Based on the median melamine concentration (1 000 mg/kg) as an example, the melamine intakes for the infants of 3, 6, 12, and 24 months were 23.4, 21.4, 15.0, and 8.6 mg/kg bw/d, respectively.  Conclusion  Dietary melamine intakes from tainted Sanlu infant formula significantly exceeded the TDI level (0.2 mg/kg bw/d) recommended by the WHO Expert Meeting in 2008. However, the present assessment has some limitations including the poor representative samples, the varied melamine concentrations in the adulterated Sanlu infant formula, and other brand infant formula possibly consumed by these infants.
题目	Study on Migration of Melamine from Food Packaging Materials on Markets 中国市场上食品包装物中三聚氰胺的迁移研究
作者	Jie LU, Jing XIAO, Da-Jin YANG, Zhu-Tian WANG, Ding-Guo JIANG, Cong-Rong FANG, and Jie YANG
卷期页码	BES 22卷 第二期 104-108页
摘要	Objectives To study the migration of melamine into foods from plastic food packaging materials and dairy product containers commonly used in China.  Methods  37 samples were collected from the market. The EU migration testing conditions were adopted with distilled water, 3% acetic acid, n-hexane and 15% ethanol being chosen as the simulating solutions. The HPLC method was used to detect melamine.  Results  No melamine was detected in 15 dairy product containers. Among the 22 plastic samples, 16 of polypropylene, and polycarbonate types had no detectable amount melamine while a low level of melamine was found in 3 of the 6 melamine resin containers.  Conclusion  Migration of melamine from food packaging materials in China market is in line with the requirements of EU.
题目	What Can We Learn from the 2008 Melamine Crisis in China? 2008年中国大陆奶粉污染事件的经验和教训
作者	Jun-Shi CHEN
卷期页码	BES 22卷 第二期 109-111页