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The characteristic symptoms of T1DM are bodyweight loss, polyphagia, and polydipsia. As shown in Figure 1, these symptoms were observed in the diabetic, DS50, and DS100 groups. The diabetic, DS50, and DS100 groups exhibited a higher bodyweight loss than the vehicle control group (Figure 1A). The DS100 group exhibited the lowest loss of bodyweight among the diabetic groups although there was no significant difference in the bodyweight loss between these groups (P > 0.05). As shown in Figures 1B and 1C, the diabetic, DS50, and DS100 groups exhibited a significant increase in food and water intake when compared to the vehicle control group. Compared to the diabetic group, the DS50 and DS100 groups exhibited a decrease in the food and water intake. The food intake of DS100 group was similar to that of vehicle control group (Figure 1B) (P > 0.05).
Figure 1. Silymarin (SMN) attenuates polyphagia and polydipsia. (A) The difference between final and initial bodyweights of different groups (in grams) [a indicates significance for the following comparisons: C vs. D (P = 0.0007), C vs. DS50 (P = 0.0006), and C vs. DS100 (P = 0.0443)]. (B) The food intake (in grams) by different groups [a indicates significance for C vs. D (P < 0.0001); b indicates significance for the following comparisons: D vs. DS50 (P = 0.0173); c indicates significance for D vs. DS100 (P = 0.0001)]. (C) The water intake (in milliliters) by different groups [a indicates significance for C vs. D (P < 0.0001); b indicates significance for D vs. DS50 (P = 0.0161); c indicates significance for the following comparisons: D vs. DS100 (P = 0.0001) and C vs. DS100 (P > 0.9999)]. The data are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean. The data are analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test. Different letters indicate statistical differences.
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The serum levels of glucose, TAG, urea, and creatinine in the diabetic, DS50, and DS100 groups were higher than those in the vehicle control group (Table 1). The DS50 group exhibited significantly lower creatinine levels than the diabetic group.
Experimental groups C D DS50 DS100 Glucose (mg/dL) 150.0 ± 8.75 540.90 ± 40.78 a 492.50 ± 27.39 a 567.10 ± 44.06 a Triacylglycerol (mg/dL) 71.61 ± 6.69 141.30 ± 22.87 a 152.10 ± 9.20 a 185.50 ± 21.88 a Urea (mg/dL) 37.20 ± 0.63 134.0 ± 8.63 a 137.0 ± 6.40 a 140.0 ± 6.97 a Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.42 ± (0.36−0.59) 0.95 ± (0.70−1.28) a 0.60 ± (0.35−0.73) b 0.64 ± (0.34−0.79) a Note. C, vehicle control group (untreated); D, diabetic group (alloxan-treated); DS50, group treated with alloxan + 50 mg/kg bodyweight/d of SMN; DS100, treated with alloxan + (100 mg/kg bodyweight/d of SMN). In glucose levels, a indicates significance with the following comparisons: C vs. D (P < 0.0001), C vs. DS50 (P < 0.0001), and C vs. DS100 (P < 0.0001). In triacylglycerol levels, a indicates significance for the following comparisons: C vs. D (P = 0.0427), C vs. DS50 (P = 0.0050), and C vs. DS100 (P = 0.0005). In urea levels, a indicates significance for the following comparisons: C vs. D (P < 0.0001), C vs. DS50 (P < 0.0001), and C vs. DS100 (P < 0.0001). In creatinine levels, a indicates significance for the following comparisons: C vs. D (P = 0.0087), D vs. DS100 (P = 0.0999), and C vs. DS100 (P = 0.8132), while b indicates significance for the following comparisons: D vs. DS50 (P = 0.0476) and C vs. DS50 (P = 0.7758). The data are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (for the levels of glucose, TAG, and urea) or as median and interquartile range (for creatinine levels). The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test. Different letters indicate statistical differences (P < 0.05). Table 1. Silymarin (SMN) improves kidney function
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As shown in Figure 2A, the diabetic, DS50, and DS100 groups exhibited a significantly higher hepatic SOD activity than the vehicle control group. The diabetic, DS50, and DS100 groups exhibited a significant decrease in the hepatic CAT activity when compared to the vehicle control group (Figure 2B). The diabetic group exhibited a significant increase in the hepatic concentration of PC when compared to the vehicle control, DS50, and DS100 groups (Figure 2C). The DS50 and DS100 groups exhibited lower levels of hepatic PC than the diabetic group.
Figure 2. Silymarin (SMN) alleviates oxidative damage to proteins in the liver tissue. (A) The hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in different groups [a indicates significance for the following comparisons: C vs. D (P = 0.0002), C vs. DS50 (P = 0.0007), and C vs. DS100 (P < 0.0001)]. (B) The hepatic catalase (CAT) activity in different groups [a indicates significance for the following comparisons: C vs. D (P < 0.0001), C vs. DS50 (P = 0.0007), and C vs. DS100 (P = 0.0019)]. (C) The hepatic carbonylated protein (PC) level in different groups [a indicates significance for the following comparisons: C vs. D (P = 0.0177), while b indicates significance for following comparisons: D vs. DS50 (P < 0.0001), D vs. DS100 (P = 0.0028), C vs. DS50 (P = 0.1389), and C vs. DS100 (P > 0.9999)]. C, vehicle control group (untreated); D, diabetic group (alloxan-treated); DS50, group treated with alloxan + 50 mg/kg bodyweight/d of SMN; DS100, group treated with alloxan + 100 mg/kg bodyweight/d of SMN. The data are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean. The data are analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test. Different letters indicate statistical differences (P < 0.05).
The effect of SMN on pancreatic redox status markers is shown in Figure 3. Compared to the vehicle control group, the pancreatic SOD activity was decreased in the diabetic, DS50, and DS100 groups (Figure 3A). Similarly, the diabetic, DS50, and DS100 groups exhibited a decreased pancreatic CAT activity when compared to the vehicle control group (Figure 3B). The pancreatic levels of PC in the diabetic group were higher than those in the vehicle control group (Figure 3C). The DS50 and DS100 groups exhibited lower pancreatic levels of PC than the diabetic group.
Figure 3. Silymarin (SMN) alleviates oxidative damage to proteins in the pancreatic tissue. (A) The pancreatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in different groups (a indicates significance for the following comparisons: C vs. D (P = 0.0021), C vs. DS50 (P < 0.0001), and C vs. DS100 (P < 0.0001)). (B) The pancreatic catalase (CAT) activity in different groups [a indicates significance for the following comparisons: C vs. D (P < 0.0001), C vs. DS50 (P < 0.0001), and C vs. DS100 (P < 0.0001)]. (C) The pancreatic carbonylated protein (PC) level in different groups [a indicates significance for the following comparisons: C vs. D (P = 0.0415); b, D vs. DS50 (P = 0.0023), D vs. DS100 (P = 0.0001), C vs. DS50 (P = 0.7969), and C vs. DS100 (P = 0.0943)]. C, vehicle control group (untreated); D, diabetic group (alloxan-treated); DS50, group treated with alloxan + 50 mg/kg bodyweight/d of SMN; DS100, group treated with alloxan + 100 mg/kg bodyweight/d of SMN. The data are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test. Different letters indicate statistical differences (P < 0.05).
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Figure 4A-D present the histopathological evaluation of representative H&E-stained pancreatic tissues by light microscopy. There were no significant differences in the histological features of the pancreatic tissue among the experimental groups (P > 0.05). The number (Figure 4E) and area (Figure 4F) of the pancreatic islets in the diabetic, DS50, and DS100 groups were significantly lower than those in the vehicle control group.
Figure 4. Silymarin (SMN) does not increase the number or area of beta pancreatic islets. Representative photomicrographs of paraffinized sections of experimental and control pancreas tissues stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Control group (A) with normal pancreatic islet architecture. Diabetic (B), DS50 (C), and DS100 (D) groups exhibiting decreased areas of pancreatic islets. In the photomicrographs, pi indicates pancreatic islet, pd indicates pancreatic duct, and pa indicates pancreatic acinus. Scale bar: 100 µm. The graphs of morphometric analysis of (E) number of pancreatic islets [a indicates significance for the following comparisons: C vs. D (P < 0.001), C vs. DS50 (P < 0.001), and C vs. DS100 (P < 0.001)] and (F) area of beta pancreatic islets [a indicates significance for the following comparisons: C vs. D (P = 0.019), C vs. DS50 (P < 0.001), and C vs. DS100 (P = 0.014)]. The data were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).
The insulin immune-positive area in the histological sections of pancreatic islets from the experimental groups is shown in Figure 5. The diabetic, DS50, and DS100 groups exhibited a significantly lower area of pancreatic islets than the vehicle control group (Figure 5E).
Figure 5. Silymarin (SMN) does not increase insulin biosynthesis in pancreatic islets. Representative photomicrographs of paraffinized pancreatic sections from control and experimental animals subjected to immunohistochemical analysis using the anti-insulin antibody (1:1000). The control group (A) exhibited normal immunolabeling of insulin in the pancreatic islets. The diabetic (B), DS50 (C), and DS100 (D) groups exhibited low immunolabeling of insulin. Scale bar: 100 µm. (E) The graphs of morphometric analysis of the immune-positive insulin area in pancreatic islets [a indicates significance for the following comparisons: C vs. D (P = 0.0065), C vs. DS50 (P = 0.022), and C vs. DS100 (P = 0.013)]. The data are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).
Silymarin Attenuates Hepatic and Pancreatic Redox Imbalance Independent of Glycemic Regulation in the Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rat Model
doi: 10.3967/bes2020.090
- Received Date: 2019-12-07
- Accepted Date: 2020-04-16
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Key words:
- Silymarin /
- Silybum marianum /
- Type 1 diabetes /
- Oxidative stress
Abstract:
Citation: | Miranda Laise Mara Oliveira, Agostini Lívia da Cunha, Lima Wanderson Geraldo de, Camini Fernanda Caetano, Costa Daniela Caldeira. Silymarin Attenuates Hepatic and Pancreatic Redox Imbalance Independent of Glycemic Regulation in the Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rat Model[J]. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2020, 33(9): 690-700. doi: 10.3967/bes2020.090 |