| [1] | Rahlwes KC, Dias BRS, Campos PC, et al. Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Virulence, 2023; 14, 2150449. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150449 |
| [2] | Houben RMGJ, Dodd PJ. The global burden of latent tuberculosis infection: a re-estimation using mathematical modelling. PLoS Med, 2016; 13, e1002152. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002152 |
| [3] | World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2024. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240101531. [2024-10-29] |
| [4] | Malefane L, Maarman G. Post-tuberculosis lung disease and inflammatory role players: can we characterise the myriad inflammatory pathways involved to gain a better understanding? Chem Biol Interact, 2024; 387, 110817. |
| [5] | Singh S, Allwood BW, Chiyaka TL, et al. Immunologic and imaging signatures in post tuberculosis lung disease. Tuberculosis, 2022; 136, 102244. doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102244 |
| [6] | Allwood BW, van der Zalm MM, Amaral AFS, et al. Post-tuberculosis lung health: perspectives from the First International Symposium. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2020; 24, 820−8. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.20.0067 |
| [7] | Stek C, Allwood B, Walker NF, et al. The immune mechanisms of lung parenchymal damage in tuberculosis and the role of host-directed therapy. Front Microbiol, 2018; 9, 2603. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02603 |
| [8] | Gai XY, Allwood B, Sun YC. Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chin Med J (Engl), 2023; 136, 1923−8. doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771 |
| [9] | Meghji J, Auld SC, Bisson GP, et al. Post-tuberculosis lung disease: towards prevention, diagnosis, and care. Lancet Respir Med, 2025; 13, 460−72. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(24)00429-6 |
| [10] | Kotlyarov S, Oskin D. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of comorbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci, 2025; 26, 2378. doi: 10.3390/ijms26062378 |
| [11] | Meghji J, Lesosky M, Joekes E, et al. Patient outcomes associated with post-tuberculosis lung damage in Malawi: a prospective cohort study. Thorax, 2020; 75, 269−78. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213808 |
| [12] | Nightingale R, Chinoko B, Lesosky M, et al. Respiratory symptoms and lung function in patients treated for pulmonary tuberculosis in Malawi: a prospective cohort study. Thorax, 2022; 77, 1131−9. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-217190 |
| [13] | Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2025 Report). https://goldcopd.org/2025-gold-report/. [2024-11-13] |
| [14] | Kamenar K, Hossen S, Gupte AN, et al. Previous tuberculosis disease as a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cross-sectional analysis of multicountry, population-based studies. Thorax, 2022; 77, 1088−97. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216500 |
| [15] | Fan HH, Wu F, Liu J, et al. Pulmonary tuberculosis as a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Transl Med, 2021; 9, 390. doi: 10.21037/atm-20-4576 |
| [16] | Xing ZZ, Sun TY, Janssens JP, et al. Airflow obstruction and small airway dysfunction following pulmonary tuberculosis: a cross-sectional survey. Thorax, 2023; 78, 274−80. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-218345 |
| [17] | Sheng ZK, Gai XY, Sun YC. Advances in the understanding of heterogeneous characteristics and comprehensive management of post-tuberculosis lung disease. Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis, 2025; 48, 181−5. (In Chinese) |
| [18] | Hicks A, Muthukumarasamy S, Maxwell D, et al. Chronic inactive pulmonary tuberculosis and treatment sequelae: chest radiographic features. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2014; 18, 128−33. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.13.0360 |
| [19] | Chen RY, Yu X, Smith B, et al. Radiological and functional evidence of the bronchial spread of tuberculosis: an observational analysis. Lancet Microbe, 2021; 2, e518−26. doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00058-6 |
| [20] | Gai XY, Cao WL, Rao YF, et al. Risk factors and biomarkers for post-tuberculosis lung damage in a Chinese cohort of male smokers and non-smokers: protocol for a prospective observational study. BMJ Open, 2023; 13, e065990. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065990 |
| [21] | Stanojevic S, Kaminsky DA, Miller MR, et al. ERS/ATS technical standard on interpretive strategies for routine lung function tests. Eur Respir J, 2022; 60, 2101499. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01499-2021 |
| [22] | Marion MS, Leonardson GR, Rhoades ER, et al. Spirometry reference values for American Indian adults: results from the Strong Heart Study. Chest, 2001; 120, 489−95. doi: 10.1378/chest.120.2.489 |
| [23] | Casarini M, Ameglio F, Alemanno L, et al. Cytokine levels correlate with a radiologic score in active pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1999; 159, 143−8. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.9803066 |
| [24] | Song QS, Guo XH, Zhang LL, et al. New approaches in the classification and prognosis of sign clusters on pulmonary CT images in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Front Microbiol, 2021; 12, 714617. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.714617 |
| [25] | Gai XY, Allwood B, Sun YC. Advances in the awareness of tuberculosis-associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chin Med J Pulm Crit Care Med, 2024; 2, 250−6. doi: 10.1016/j.pccm.2024.08.008 |
| [26] | Allwood BW, Byrne A, Meghji J, et al. Post-tuberculosis lung disease: clinical review of an under-recognised global challenge. Respiration, 2021; 100, 751−63. doi: 10.1159/000512531 |
| [27] | Joo DH, Kim MC, Sin S, et al. Incidence and risk factors of tuberculosis-associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2025; 20, 2091−102. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S523732 |
| [28] | Konstantinos Katsoulis K, Kostikas K, Kontakiotis T. Techniques for assessing small airways function: Possible applications in asthma and COPD. Respir Med, 2016; 119, e2−9. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.05.003 |
| [29] | Allwood BW, Rigby J, Griffith-Richards S, et al. Histologically confirmed tuberculosis-associated obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2019; 23, 552−4. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.18.0722 |
| [30] | Park HJ, Byun MK, Lee J, et al. Airflow obstruction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are common in pulmonary tuberculosis even without sequelae findings on chest X-ray. Infect Dis (Lond), 2023; 55, 533−42. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2217904 |
| [31] | Lee JH, Chang JH. Lung function in patients with chronic airflow obstruction due to tuberculous destroyed lung. Respir Med, 2003; 97, 1237−42. doi: 10.1016/S0954-6111(03)00255-5 |
| [32] | Rao YF, Gai XY, Le YQ, et al. Enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production and immunometabolic impairment of NK cells exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and cigarette smoke. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2022; 11, 799276. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.799276 |
| [33] | Le YQ, Cao WL, Zhou L, et al. Infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes both M1/M2 polarization and MMP production in cigarette smoke-exposed macrophages. Front Immunol, 2020; 11, 1902. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01902 |
| [34] | Gajalakshmi V, Peto R, Kanaka TS, et al. Smoking and mortality from tuberculosis and other diseases in India: retrospective study of 43000 adult male deaths and 35000 controls. Lancet, 2003; 362, 507−15. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14109-8 |
| [35] | Bansal N, Arunachala S, Kaleem Ullah M, et al. Unveiling silent consequences: impact of pulmonary tuberculosis on lung health and functional wellbeing after treatment. J Clin Med, 2024; 13, 4115. doi: 10.3390/jcm13144115 |
| [36] | Nishi MP, Mancuzo EV, Sulmonett N, et al. Pulmonary functional assessment: longitudinal study after treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 2021; 63, e65. doi: 10.1590/s1678-9946202163065 |