[1] Joshi SS, Miller MR, Newby DE. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: the Paul Wood Lecture, British Cardiovascular Society 2021. Heart, 2022; 108, 1267−73. doi:  10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319844
[2] Lelieveld J, Pozzer A, Pöschl U, et al. Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective. Cardiovasc Res, 2020; 116, 1910−7. doi:  10.1093/cvr/cvaa025
[3] Zhang JW, Chen Z, Shan D, et al. Adverse effects of exposure to fine particles and ultrafine particles in the environment on different organs of organisms. J Environ Sci (China), 2024; 135, 449−73. doi:  10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.013
[4] Miller MR, Newby DE. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: car sick. Cardiovasc Res, 2020; 116, 279−94.
[5] Jaafari J, Naddafi K, Yunesian M, et al. Associations between short term exposure to ambient particulate matter from dust storm and anthropogenic sources and inflammatory biomarkers in healthy young adults. Sci Total Environ, 2021; 761, 144503. doi:  10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144503
[6] Lu X, Li RQ, Yan XX. Airway hyperresponsiveness development and the toxicity of PM2.5. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021; 28, 6374−91. doi:  10.1007/s11356-020-12051-w
[7] Kleinman MT, Araujo JA, Nel A, et al. Inhaled ultrafine particulate matter affects CNS inflammatory processes and may act via MAP kinase signaling pathways. Toxicol Lett, 2008; 178, 127−30. doi:  10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.03.001
[8] Bhargava A, Shukla A, Bunkar N, et al. Exposure to ultrafine particulate matter induces NF-κβ mediated epigenetic modifications. Environ Pollut, 2019; 252, 39−50. doi:  10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.065
[9] Li J, An Z, Song J, et al. Fine particulate matter-induced lung inflammation is mediated by pyroptosis in mice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2021; 219, 112351. doi:  10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112351
[10] Li RJ, Zhao LF, Tong JL, et al. Fine particulate matter and sulfur dioxide coexposures induce rat lung pathological injury and inflammatory responses via TLR4/p38/NF-κB pathway. Int J Toxicol, 2017; 36, 165−73. doi:  10.1177/1091581816682225
[11] Dou CM, Zhang J, Qi CC. Cooking oil fume-derived PM2.5 induces apoptosis in A549 cells and MAPK/NF-кB/STAT1 pathway activation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2018; 25, 9940−8. doi:  10.1007/s11356-018-1262-5
[12] Badamjav R, Zhang L, Sonom D, et al. Thalictrum minus L. ameliorates particulate matter-induced acute lung injury in mice. J Ethnopharmacol, 2021; 264, 113379. doi:  10.1016/j.jep.2020.113379
[13] Wei HY, Yuan WJ, Yu H, et al. Cytotoxicity induced by fine particulate matter (PM2.5) via mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway in rat alveolar macrophages. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021; 28, 25819−29. doi:  10.1007/s11356-021-12431-w
[14] Geng XW, Wang XH, Luo M, et al. Induction of neutrophil apoptosis by a Bcl-2 inhibitor reduces particulate matter-induced lung inflammation. Aging (Albany NY), 2018; 10, 1415−23.
[15] Ren F, Ji C, Huang YJ, et al. AHR-mediated ROS production contributes to the cardiac developmental toxicity of PM2.5 in zebrafish embryos. Sci Total Environ, 2020; 719, 135097. doi:  10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135097
[16] Li XL, Geng J, Chen YH, et al. Exposure to particulate matter induces cardiomyocytes apoptosis after myocardial infarction through NFκB activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2017; 488, 224−31. doi:  10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.047
[17] Guo Y, Yang Q, Weng XG, et al. Shenlian extract against myocardial injury induced by ischemia through the regulation of NF-κB/IκB signaling axis. Front Pharmacol, 2020; 11, 134. doi:  10.3389/fphar.2020.00134
[18] Li YJ, Chen Y, You Y, et al. Effects of Shenlian extracts on atherosclerosis by inhibition of the inflammatory response. J Tradit Chin Med, 2011; 31, 344-8.
[19] Liu L, Li Q, Yin J, et al. ShenLian extract enhances TGF-β functions in the macrophage-SMC unit and stabilizes atherosclerotic plaques. Front Pharmacol, 2021; 12, 669730. doi:  10.3389/fphar.2021.669730
[20] Qu SQ, Li K, Yang T, et al. Shenlian extract protects against ultrafine particulate matter-aggravated myocardial ischemic injury by inhibiting inflammation response via the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes. Environ Toxicol, 2021; 36, 1349−61. doi:  10.1002/tox.23131
[21] Qu SQ, Deng SQ, Yang T, et al. Shengmai Yin alleviated plaque vulnerability and ischemic myocardial damage in diesel exhaust particle-aggravated atherosclerosis with myocardial ischemia. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2022; 234, 113379. doi:  10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113379
[22] Hou Y, Fan FH, Xie N, et al. Rhodiola crenulata alleviates hypobaric hypoxia-induced brain injury by maintaining BBB integrity and balancing energy metabolism dysfunction. Phytomedicine, 2024; 128, 155529. doi:  10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155529
[23] Zeng YY, Cao YF, Qiao X, et al. Air pollution reduction in China: recent success but great challenge for the future. Sci Total Environ, 2019; 663, 329−37. doi:  10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.262
[24] Mannucci PM, Harari S, Franchini M. Novel evidence for a greater burden of ambient air pollution on cardiovascular disease. Haematologica, 2019; 104, 2349−57. doi:  10.3324/haematol.2019.225086
[25] Peters A, Dockery DW, Muller JE, et a yocardial infarction. Circulation, 2001; 103, 2810-5.
[26] Chen C, Zhu PF, Lan L, et al. Short-term exposures to PM2.5 and cause-specific l. Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of m mortality of cardiovascular health in China. Environ Res, 2018; 161, 188−94. doi:  10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.046
[27] Shi LH, Zanobetti A, Kloog I, et al. Low-concentration PM2.5 and mortality: estimating acute and chronic effects in a population-based study. Environ Health Perspect, 2016; 124, 46−52. doi:  10.1289/ehp.1409111
[28] Beber LCC, da Silva MOAF, dos Santos AB, et al. The association of subchronic exposure to low concentration of PM2.5 and high-fat diet potentiates glucose intolerance development, by impairing adipose tissue antioxidant defense and eHSP72 levels. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2020; 27, 32006−16. doi:  10.1007/s11356-020-09581-8
[29] Hoffmann B, Boogaard H, de Nazelle A, et al. WHO air quality guidelines 2021-aiming for healthier air for all: a joint statement by medical, public health, scientific societies and patient representative organisations. Int J Public Health, 2021; 66, 1604465. doi:  10.3389/ijph.2021.1604465
[30] Chang ET, Lau EC, Moolgavkar SH. Smoking, air pollution, and lung cancer risk in the Nurses' Health Study cohort: time-dependent confounding and effect modification. Crit Rev Toxicol, 2020; 50, 189−200. doi:  10.1080/10408444.2020.1727410
[31] Miller KA, Siscovick DS, Sheppard L, et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med, 2007; 356, 447−58. doi:  10.1056/NEJMoa054409
[32] Hung CS, Huang CC, Pan SC, et al. Acute particulate matter exposure is associated with disturbances in heart rate complexity in patients with prior myocardial infarction. Sci Total Environ, 2020; 733, 138842. doi:  10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138842
[33] Chen H, Burnett RT, Copes R, et al. Ambient fine particulate matter and mortality among survivors of myocardial infarction: population-based cohort study. Environ Health Perspect, 2016; 124, 1421−8. doi:  10.1289/EHP185
[34] Tibuakuu M, Michos ED, Navas-Acien A, et al. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: a focus on vulnerable populations worldwide. Curr Epidemiol Rep, 2018; 5, 370−8. doi:  10.1007/s40471-018-0166-8
[35] Pope III CA, Turner MC, Burnett RT, et al. Relationships between fine particulate air pollution, cardiometabolic disorders, and cardiovascular mortality. Circ Res, 2015; 116, 108−15. doi:  10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.305060
[36] Aryal A, Harmon AC, Dugas TR. Particulate matter air pollutants and cardiovascular disease: strategies for intervention. Pharmacol Ther, 2021; 223, 107890. doi:  10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107890
[37] Chen LN, Guo Y, Qu SQ, et al. The protective effects of Shengmai formula against myocardial injury induced by ultrafine particulate matter exposure and myocardial ischemia are mediated by the PI3K/AKT/p38 MAPK/Nrf2 pathway. Front Pharmacol, 2021; 12, 619311. doi:  10.3389/fphar.2021.619311
[38] Wang Y, Tang M. PM2.5 induces autophagy and apoptosis through endoplasmic reticulum stress in human endothelial cells. Sci Total Environ, 2020; 710, 136397. doi:  10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136397
[39] Pei YH, Chen J, Wu X, et al. LncRNA PEAMIR inhibits apoptosis and inflammatory response in PM2.5 exposure aggravated myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-29b-3p. Nanotoxicology, 2020; 14, 638−53. doi:  10.1080/17435390.2020.1731857
[40] Jiang Y, Zhao XH, Chen J, et al. PM2.5 induces cardiac malformations via PI3K/akt2/mTORC1 signaling pathway in zebrafish larvae. Environ Pollut, 2023; 323, 121306. doi:  10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121306
[41] Wang YF, Fei YX, Zhao B, et al. Ma Xing Shi Gan decoction protects against PM2.5-induced lung injury through suppression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and epithelial barrier disruption. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2020; 2020, 7176589. doi:  10.1155/2020/7176589
[42] Wang PL, Liu H, Fan XS, et al. Effect of San'ao decoction on aggravated asthma mice model induced by PM2.5 and TRPA1/TRPV1 expressions. J Ethnopharmacol, 2019; 236, 82−90. doi:  10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.043
[43] Liu H, Fan XS, Zhu Y. Effects of Wu'ao decoction on the expressions of TRPA1 and TRPV1 in lung in PM2.5 and OVA induced severe asthma mice model. Chin J Integr Tradit West Med, 2019; 39, 997−1003. (In Chinese)
[44] Shen ZY, Fu SG, Yang AD, et al. Effects of modified Qianjin Weijing decoction on TNF-α and NF-κB in rats with lung injury induced by particulate matter. Chin J Inf Tradit Chin Med, 2018; 25, 38−42. (In Chinese)
[45] Zhang JB, Sun L, Li SQ, et al. Therapeutic effect of Qingzao Runfei Huazhuo Xingxue decoction on PM2.5-induced respiratory disease in mice. Chin Crit Care Med, 2016; 28, 916−20. (In Chinese)
[46] Kim HY, Yoon JJ, Kim DS, et al. YG-1 extract improves acute pulmonary inflammation by inducing bronchodilation and inhibiting inflammatory cytokines. Nutrients, 2021; 13, 3414. doi:  10.3390/nu13103414
[47] Xia YL, Dolgor S, Jiang SY, et al. YiQiFuMai lyophilized injection attenuates particulate matter-induced acute lung injury in mice via TLR4-mTOR-autophagy pathway. Biomed Pharmacother, 2018; 108, 906−13. doi:  10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.088
[48] Li JJ, Wang CM, Wang YJ, et al. Network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation to explore the mechanism of Shenlian extract on myocardial ischemia. J Ethnopharmacol, 2022; 288, 114973. doi:  10.1016/j.jep.2022.114973
[49] Wang CM. Protective effects of Shenlian extract on myocardial infarction of rats by regulating mitochondrial autophagy and intervening inflammasomes activation. China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. 2021. (In Chinese)
[50] Arefnezhad R, Nejabat A, Behjati F, et al. Tanshinone IIA against cerebral ischemic stroke and ischemia-reperfusion injury: a review of the current documents. Mini Rev Med Chem, 2024; 24, 1701−9. doi:  10.2174/0113895575299721240227070032
[51] Gupta S, Mishra KP, Kumar B, et al. Andrographolide attenuates complete Freund's adjuvant induced arthritis via suppression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines. J Ethnopharmacol, 2020; 261, 113022. doi:  10.1016/j.jep.2020.113022
[52] Chen YW, Huang MZ, Chen CL, et al. PM2.5 impairs macrophage functions to exacerbate pneumococcus-induced pulmonary pathogenesis. Part Fibre Toxicol, 2020; 17, 37. doi:  10.1186/s12989-020-00362-2
[53] Chen S, Chen LP, Ye LZ, et al. PP2A-mTOR-p70S6K/4E-BP1 axis regulates M1 polarization of pulmonary macrophages and promotes ambient particulate matter induced mouse lung injury. J Hazard Mater, 2022; 424, 127624. doi:  10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127624
[54] Cui XJ, Lai WJ, Zhao Y, et al. The exosome-mediated cascade reactions for the transfer and inflammatory responses of fine atmospheric particulate matter in macrophages. Environ Sci Technol, 2023; 57, 7891−901. doi:  10.1021/acs.est.3c01436
[55] Hu XQ, Chen M, Cao X, et al. TGF-β-containing small extracellular vesicles from PM2.5-activated macrophages induces cardiotoxicity. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2022; 9, 917719. doi:  10.3389/fcvm.2022.917719
[56] Vendrov AE, Xiao H, Lozhkin A, et al. Cardiomyocyte NOX4 regulates resident macrophage-mediated inflammation and diastolic dysfunction in stress cardiomyopathy. Redox Biol, 2023; 67, 102937. doi:  10.1016/j.redox.2023.102937