[1] Wang YF, Xue H, Sun MX, et al. Prevention and control of obesity in China. Lancet Glob Health, 2019; 7, e1166−7. doi:  10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30276-1
[2] Zhang JG, Wang HJ, Wang ZH, et al. Prevalence and stabilizing trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in China, 2011-2015. BMC Public Health, 2018; 18, 571. doi:  10.1186/s12889-018-5483-9
[3] Zhang YX, Wang ZX, Zhao JS, et al. Trends in overweight and obesity among rural children and adolescents from 1985 to 2014 in Shandong, China. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2016; 23, 1314−20. doi:  10.1177/2047487316643830
[4] Wang LM, Peng W, Zhao ZP, et al. Prevalence and treatment of diabetes in China, 2013-2018. JAMA, 2021; 326, 2498−506. doi:  10.1001/jama.2021.22208
[5] Bhupathiraju SN, Hu FB. Epidemiology of obesity and diabetes and their cardiovascular complications. Circ Res, 2016; 118, 1723−35. doi:  10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306825
[6] Meijnikman AS, Gerdes VE, Nieuwdorp M, et al. Evaluating causality of gut microbiota in obesity and diabetes in humans. Endocr Rev, 2018; 39, 133−53. doi:  10.1210/er.2017-00192
[7] Piché ME, Tchernof A, Després JP. Obesity phenotypes, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Circ Res, 2020; 126, 1477−500. doi:  10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.316101
[8] Chen K, Shen ZW, Gu WJ, et al. Prevalence of obesity and associated complications in China: a cross-sectional, real-world study in 15.8 million adults. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2023; 25, 3390−9. doi:  10.1111/dom.15238
[9] Blüher M. Metabolically healthy obesity. Endocr Rev, 2020; 41, bnaa004. doi:  10.1210/endrev/bnaa004
[10] Zhang T, Zhang HJ, Li SX, et al. Impact of adiposity on incident hypertension is modified by insulin resistance in adults: longitudinal observation from the Bogalusa heart study. Hypertension, 2016; 67, 56−62. doi:  10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06509
[11] Genelhu VA, Celoria BMJ, Duarte SFP, et al. Not all obese subjects of multiethnic origin are at similar risk for developing hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Eur J Intern Med, 2009; 20, 289−95. doi:  10.1016/j.ejim.2008.09.009
[12] Vukovic R, Mitrovic K, Milenkovic T, et al. Insulin-sensitive obese children display a favorable metabolic profile. Eur J Pediatr, 2013; 172, 201−6. doi:  10.1007/s00431-012-1867-5
[13] Kuk JL, Ardern CI. Are metabolically normal but obese individuals at lower risk for all-cause mortality? Diabetes Care, 2009; 32, 2297-9.
[14] Wei Y, Wang J, Han X, et al. Metabolically healthy obesity increased diabetes incidence in a middle-aged and elderly Chinese population. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2020; 36, e3202. doi:  10.1002/dmrr.3202
[15] Bell JA, Kivimaki M, Hamer M. Metabolically healthy obesity and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Obes Rev, 2014; 15, 504−15. doi:  10.1111/obr.12157
[16] Ärnlöv J, Ingelsson E, Sundström J, et al. Impact of body mass index and the metabolic syndrome on the risk of cardiovascular disease and death in middle-aged men. Circulation, 2010; 121, 230−6. doi:  10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.887521
[17] Barber TM, Kyrou I, Randeva HS, et al. Mechanisms of insulin resistance at the crossroad of obesity with associated metabolic abnormalities and cognitive dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci, 2021; 22, 546. doi:  10.3390/ijms22020546
[18] Liu DC, Zhao Y, Liu Y, et al. Adiposity and insulin resistance as mediators between age at menarche and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Menopause, 2020; 27, 579−85. doi:  10.1097/GME.0000000000001504
[19] Tang A, Coster ACF, Tonks KT, et al. Longitudinal changes in insulin resistance in normal weight, overweight and obese individuals. J Clin Med, 2019; 8, 623. doi:  10.3390/jcm8050623
[20] Xu C, Zhou GS, Zhao M, et al. Bidirectional temporal relationship between obesity and hyperinsulinemia: longitudinal observation from a Chinese cohort. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care, 2021; 9, e002059. doi:  10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-002059
[21] Buscemi C, Randazzo C, Barile AM, et al. Factors associated with body weight gain and insulin-resistance: a longitudinal study. Nutr Diabetes, 2024; 14, 21. doi:  10.1038/s41387-024-00283-5
[22] Zhang B, Zhai FY, Du SF, et al. The China health and nutrition survey, 1989-2011. Obes Rev, 2014; 15, 2−7.
[23] Li LM, Rao KQ, Kong LZ, et al. A description on the Chinese national nutrition and health survey in 2002. Chin J Epidemiol, 2005; 26, 478−84. (In Chinese)
[24] Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia, 1985; 28, 412−9. doi:  10.1007/BF00280883
[25] Proust-Lima C, Philipps V, Liquet B. Estimation of extended mixed models using latent classes and latent processes: the R package lcmm. J Stat Softw, 2015; 78, 1−56.
[26] Fan BB, Yang YC, Dayimu A, et al. Body mass index trajectories during young adulthood and incident hypertension: a longitudinal cohort in Chinese population. J Am Heart Assoc, 2019; 8, e011937. doi:  10.1161/JAHA.119.011937
[27] Lv JL, Fan BB, Wei MK, et al. Trajectories of early to mid-life adulthood BMI and incident diabetes: the China Health and Nutrition Survey. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care, 2020; 8, e000972. doi:  10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000972
[28] VanderWeele TJ. A unification of mediation and interaction: a 4-way decomposition. Epidemiology, 2014; 25, 749−61. doi:  10.1097/EDE.0000000000000121
[29] Buscot MJ, Thomson RJ, Juonala M, et al. Distinct child-to-adult body mass index trajectories are associated with different levels of adult cardiometabolic risk. Eur Heart J, 2018; 39, 2263−70. doi:  10.1093/eurheartj/ehy161
[30] Nano J, Dhana K, Asllanaj E, et al. Trajectories of BMI before diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: the Rotterdam study. Obesity, 2020; 28, 1149−56. doi:  10.1002/oby.22802
[31] Viner RM, Costa S, Johnson W. Patterns of BMI development between 10 and 42 years of age and their determinants in the 1970 British Cohort Study. J Epidemiol Community Health, 2019; 73, 79−85. doi:  10.1136/jech-2018-211051
[32] Kelly Y, Patalay P, Montgomery S, et al. BMI development and early adolescent psychosocial well-being: UK millennium cohort study. Pediatrics, 2016; 138, e20160967. doi:  10.1542/peds.2016-0967
[33] Wang XJ, Dong B, Huang SZ, et al. Body mass index trajectory and incident hypertension: results from a longitudinal cohort of Chinese children and adolescents, 2006-2016. Am J Public Health, 2020; 110, 1689−95. doi:  10.2105/AJPH.2020.305873
[34] Zhang T, Zhang HJ, Li Y, et al. Temporal relationship between childhood body mass index and insulin and its impact on adult hypertension: the Bogalusa heart study. Hypertension, 2016; 68, 818−23. doi:  10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07991
[35] Wang TG, Lu JL, Shi LX, et al. Association of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction with incident diabetes among adults in China: a nationwide, population-based, prospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2020; 8, 115−24. doi:  10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30425-5
[36] Lynch J, Smith GD. A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology. Annu Rev Public Health, 2005; 26, 1−35. doi:  10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144505
[37] Ben-Shlomo Y, Kuh D. A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives. Int J Epidemiol, 2002; 31, 285−93. doi:  10.1093/ije/31.2.285
[38] Hanson MA, Cooper C, Aihie Sayer A, et al. Developmental aspects of a life course approach to healthy ageing. J Physiol, 2016; 594, 2147−60. doi:  10.1113/JP270579
[39] Wang FN, Deeney JT, Denis GV. Brd2 gene disruption causes "metabolically healthy" obesity: epigenetic and chromatin-based mechanisms that uncouple obesity from type 2 diabetes. Vitam Horm, 2013; 91, 49−75.
[40] Navarro E, Funtikova AN, Fíto M, et al. Can metabolically healthy obesity be explained by diet, genetics, and inflammation? Mol Nutr Food Res, 2015; 59, 75-93.
[41] Weiss R, Taksali SE, Dufour S, et al. The "obese insulin-sensitive" adolescent: importance of adiponectin and lipid partitioning. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2005; 90, 3731−7. doi:  10.1210/jc.2004-2305
[42] Choi WJ, Jin HS, Kim SS, et al. Dietary protein and fat intake affects diabetes risk with CDKAL1 genetic variants in Korean adults. Int J Mol Sci, 2020; 21, 5607. doi:  10.3390/ijms21165607
[43] Azevedo PS, Polegato BF, Paiva S, et al. The role of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in cardiac remodelling induced by cigarette smoke exposure. J Cell Mol Med, 2021; 25, 1314−8. doi:  10.1111/jcmm.16053
[44] Wu WC, Wei JN, Chen SC, et al. Progression of insulin resistance: a link between risk factors and the incidence of diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2020; 161, 108050. doi:  10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108050
[45] Tanaka M, Itoh H. Hypertension as a metabolic disorder and the novel role of the gut. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2019; 21, 63. doi:  10.1007/s11906-019-0964-5