[1] Mukherjee S, Patel SR, Kales SN, et al. An official american thoracic society statement: the importance of healthy sleep. Recommendations and future priorities. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2015; 191, 1450−8. doi:  10.1164/rccm.201504-0767ST
[2] Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, et al. National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health, 2015; 1, 40−3. doi:  10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010
[3] Chinese Sleep Research Society. White paper on healthy sleep in China 2022 [R]. Beijing: Chinese Sleep Research Society, 2022. http://www.zgsmyjh.org/nd.jsp?id=777. [2022-03-21]. (In Chinese).
[4] Li W, Taskin T, Gautam P, et al. Is there an association among sleep duration, nap, and stroke? Findings from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. Sleep Breath, 2021; 25, 315−23. doi:  10.1007/s11325-020-02118-w
[5] Lin L, Lu CY, Chen WQ, et al. Daytime napping and nighttime sleep duration with incident diabetes mellitus: A cohort study in Chinese older adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021; 18, 5012. doi:  10.3390/ijerph18095012
[6] Zhou L, Yu K, Yang LL, et al. Sleep duration, midday napping, and sleep quality and incident stroke: the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort. Neurology, 2020; 94, e345−56. doi:  10.1212/WNL.0000000000008739
[7] Li W, Kondracki A, Gautam P, et al. The association between sleep duration, napping, and stroke stratified by self-health status among Chinese people over 65 years old from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. Sleep Breath, 2021; 25, 1239−46. doi:  10.1007/s11325-020-02214-x
[8] Wang DM, Zhou Y, Guo YJ, et al. The effect of sleep duration and sleep quality on hypertension in middle-aged and older Chinese: the Dongfeng-Tongji Cohort Study. Sleep Med, 2017; 40, 78−83. doi:  10.1016/j.sleep.2017.09.024
[9] Wu L, He Y, Jiang B, et al. Association between sleep duration and the prevalence of hypertension in an elderly rural population of China. Sleep Med, 2016; 27−28, 92−8.
[10] Zhou ZL, Yu Y, Zhou RZ, et al. Associations between sleep duration, midday napping, depression, and falls among postmenopausal women in China: a population-based nationwide study. Menopause, 2021; 28, 554−63. doi:  10.1097/GME.0000000000001732
[11] Huang TY, Mariani S, Redline S. Sleep irregularity and risk of cardiovascular events: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. J Am College Cardiol, 2020; 75, 991−9.
[12] Lee JSW, Auyeung TW, Leung J, et al. Long sleep duration is associated with higher mortality in older people independent of frailty: a 5-year cohort study. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2014; 15, 649−54. doi:  10.1016/j.jamda.2014.05.006
[13] Yeo Y, Ma SH, Park SK, et al. A prospective cohort study on the relationship of sleep duration with all-cause and disease-specific mortality in the Korean multi-center cancer cohort study. J Prev Med Public Health, 2013; 46, 271−81. doi:  10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.5.271
[14] Jung KI, Song CH, Ancoli-Israel S, et al. Gender differences in nighttime sleep and daytime napping as predictors of mortality in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo study. Sleep Med, 2013; 14, 12−9. doi:  10.1016/j.sleep.2012.06.004
[15] Stone KL, Ewing SK, Ancoli-Israel S, et al. Self-reported sleep and nap habits and risk of mortality in a large cohort of older women. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2009; 57, 604−11. doi:  10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02171.x
[16] Heslop P, Smith GD, Metcalfe C, et al. Sleep duration and mortality: The effect of short or long sleep duration on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in working men and women. Sleep Med, 2002; 3, 305−14. doi:  10.1016/S1389-9457(02)00016-3
[17] Chien KL, Chen PC, Hsu HC, et al. Habitual sleep duration and insomnia and the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause death: report from a community-based cohort. Sleep, 2010; 33, 177−84. doi:  10.1093/sleep/33.2.177
[18] Lan TY, Lan TH, Wen CP, et al. Nighttime sleep, Chinese afternoon nap, and mortality in the elderly. Sleep, 2007; 30, 1105−10. doi:  10.1093/sleep/30.9.1105
[19] Wang CS, Bangdiwala SI, Rangarajan S, et al. Association of estimated sleep duration and naps with mortality and cardiovascular events: a study of 116 632 people from 21 countries. Eur Heart J, 2019; 40, 1620−9. doi:  10.1093/eurheartj/ehy695
[20] Fang WM, Li ZL, Wu L, et al. Longer habitual afternoon napping is associated with a higher risk for impaired fasting plasma glucose and diabetes mellitus in older adults: results from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort of retired workers. Sleep Med, 2013; 14, 950−4. doi:  10.1016/j.sleep.2013.04.015
[21] Yang YH, Liu W, Ji XP, et al. Extended afternoon naps are associated with hypertension in women but not in men. Heart Lung, 2020; 49, 2−9. doi:  10.1016/j.hrtlng.2019.09.002
[22] Wang YJ, Zeng YL, Zhang XH, et al. Daytime napping duration is positively associated with risk of hyperuricemia in a Chinese population. J Clin Endocrinol Metabo, 2021; 106, e2096−105. doi:  10.1210/clinem/dgab043
[23] Zhao XY, Cheng L, Zhu CN, et al. A double-edged sword: the association of daytime napping duration and metabolism related diseases in a Chinese population. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2021; 75, 291−8. doi:  10.1038/s41430-020-00777-2
[24] Tanabe N, Iso H, Seki N, et al. Daytime napping and mortality, with a special reference to cardiovascular disease: the JACC study. Int J Epidemiol, 2010; 39, 233−43. doi:  10.1093/ije/dyp327
[25] Cheng GHL, Malhotra R, Østbye T, et al. Changes in nocturnal sleep and daytime nap durations predict all-cause mortality among older adults: the panel on health and ageing of Singaporean elderly. Sleep, 2018; 41, zsy087.
[26] Xiao Q, Arem H, Pfeiffer R, et al. Prediagnosis sleep duration, napping, and mortality among colorectal cancer survivors in a large US cohort. Sleep, 2017; 40, zsx010.
[27] Bursztyn M, Ginsberg G, Stessman J. The siesta and mortality in the elderly: effect of rest without sleep and daytime sleep duration. Sleep, 2002; 25, 187−91. doi:  10.1093/sleep/25.2.187
[28] Leng Y, Wainwright NWJ, Cappuccio FP, et al. Daytime napping and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a 13-year follow-up of a British population. Am J Epidemiol, 2014; 179, 1115−24. doi:  10.1093/aje/kwu036
[29] Naska A, Oikonomou E, Trichopoulou A, et al. Siesta in healthy adults and coronary mortality in the general population. Arch Intern Med, 2007; 167, 296−301. doi:  10.1001/archinte.167.3.296
[30] Zhao Y, Strauss J, Yang G, et al. China health and retirement longitudinal study–2011-2012 national baseline users’ guide. Beijing: National School of Development, Peking University, 2013; 2, 1−56.
[31] Zhao Y, Hu Y, Smith JP, et al. Cohort profile: the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS). Int J Epidemiol, 2014; 43, 61−8. doi:  10.1093/ije/dys203
[32] Wang L, Wang K, Liu LJ, et al. Associations of daytime napping with incident cardiovascular diseases and hypertension in Chinese adults: A nationwide cohort study. Biomed Environ Sci, 2022; 35, 22−34.
[33] Yan MM, Fu Z, Qin TT, et al. Associations of sleep duration and prediabetes prevalence in a middle-aged and elderly Chinese population with regard to age and hypertension: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study baseline survey. J Diabetes, 2018; 10, 847−56.
[34] Zhou BF, The Cooperative Meta-analysis Group of Working Group on Obesity in China. Predictive values of body mass index and waist circumference for risk factors of certain related diseases in Chinese adults-study on optimal cut-off points of body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese adults. Biomed Environ Sci, 2002; 15, 83−96.
[35] Yen YF, Hu HY, Lee YL, et al. Sexual inequality in incident tuberculosis: a cohort study in Taiwan. BMJ Open, 2018; 8, e020142. doi:  10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020142
[36] Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis (OTTA) Consortium. Dose-response association of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and survival time in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. JAMA Oncol, 2017; 3, e173290. doi:  10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3290
[37] Del Pozo Cruz B, Ahmadi MN, Lee IM, et al. Prospective associations of daily step counts and intensity with cancer and cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality and all-cause mortality. JAMA Intern Med, 2022; 182, 1139−48. doi:  10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.4000
[38] VanderWeele TJ, Knol MJ. A tutorial on interaction. Epidemiologic Methods, 2014; 3, 33−72.
[39] Coorperative Meta analysis Group of Working Group on Obesity in China. Prospective study for cut-off points of body mass index in Chinese adults. Chin J Epidemiol, 2002; 23, 431−4. (In Chinese
[40] Woolf B. The log likelihood ratio test (the G‐test). Ann Hum Genet, 1957; 21, 397−409. doi:  10.1111/j.1469-1809.1972.tb00293.x
[41] Yamada T, Hara K, Shojima N, et al. Daytime napping and the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a prospective study and dose-response meta-analysis. Sleep, 2015; 38, 1945−53. doi:  10.5665/sleep.5246
[42] Cohen-Mansfield J, Perach R. Sleep duration, nap habits, and mortality in older persons. Sleep, 2012; 35, 1003−9.
[43] Wang L, Wang YT, Shu HN, et al. Association of midday napping with all-cause mortality in Chinese adults: a 8-year nationwide cohort study. Behav Med, 2022, 1-10.
[44] Burazeri G, Gofin J, Kark JD. Siesta and mortality in a Mediterranean population: a community study in Jerusalem. Sleep, 2003; 26, 578−84. doi:  10.1093/sleep/26.5.578
[45] Pan Z, Huang MK, Huang JF, et al. Association of napping and all-cause mortality and incident cardiovascular diseases: a dose–response meta analysis of cohort studies. Sleep Med, 2020; 74, 165−72. doi:  10.1016/j.sleep.2020.08.009
[46] Li X, Pang XY, Liu ZP, et al. Joint effect of less than 1 h of daytime napping and seven to 8 h of night sleep on the risk of stroke. Sleep Med, 2018; 52, 180−7. doi:  10.1016/j.sleep.2018.05.011
[47] Patel SR, Ayas NT, Malhotra MR, et al. A prospective study of sleep duration and mortality risk in women. Sleep, 2004; 27, 440−4. doi:  10.1093/sleep/27.3.440
[48] Kim Y, Wilkens LR, Schembre SM, et al. Insufficient and excessive amounts of sleep increase the risk of premature death from cardiovascular and other diseases: the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Prev Med, 2013; 57, 377−85. doi:  10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06.017
[49] Endo S, Kobayashi T, Yamamoto T, et al. Persistence of the circadian rhythm of REM sleep: a variety of experimental manipulations of the sleep-wake cycle. Sleep, 1981; 4, 319−28. doi:  10.1093/sleep/4.3.319
[50] Youngstedt SD, Kripke DF. Long sleep and mortality: rationale for sleep restriction. Sleep Med Rev, 2004; 8, 159−74. doi:  10.1016/j.smrv.2003.10.002
[51] Kojima M, Wakai K, Kawamura T, et al. Sleep patterns and total mortality: a 12-year follow-up study in Japan. J Epidemiol, 2000; 10, 87−93. doi:  10.2188/jea.10.87
[52] Kim YH, Ahn DS, Joeng JH, et al. Suppression of peripheral sympathetic activity underlies protease-activated receptor 2-mediated hypotension. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol, 2014; 18, 489−95. doi:  10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.6.489
[53] Palmisano BT, Zhu L, Eckel RH, et al. Sex differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Mol Metab, 2018; 15, 45−55. doi:  10.1016/j.molmet.2018.05.008
[54] Phelps T, Snyder E, Rodriguez E, et al. The influence of biological sex and sex hormones on bile acid synthesis and cholesterol homeostasis. Biol Sex Differ, 2019; 10, 52. doi:  10.1186/s13293-019-0265-3
[55] Huan LY, Deng XL, He MY, et al. Meta-analysis: early age at natural menopause and risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Biomed Res Int, 2021; 2021, 6636856.
[56] Amagai Y, Ishikawa S, Gotoh T, et al. Sleep duration and mortality in Japan: the Jichi medical school cohort study. J epidemiol, 2004; 14, 124−8. doi:  10.2188/jea.14.124
[57] Adhikari H. Anxiety and depression: comparative study between working and non-working mothers. ACADEMICIA:An Int Multidiscipl Res J, 2022; 12, 273−82.
[58] Durak M, Senol-Durak E, Karakose S. Psychological distress and anxiety among housewives: the mediational role of perceived stress, loneliness, and housewife burnout. Curr Psychol, 2022, 1-12.
[59] Chellappa SL, Aeschbach D. Sleep and anxiety: From mechanisms to interventions. Sleep Med Rev, 2022; 61, 101583. doi:  10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101583
[60] Slater G, Steier J. Excessive daytime sleepiness in sleep disorders. J Thorac Dis, 2012; 4, 608−16.
[61] Kehoe R, Wu SY, Leske MC, et al. Comparing self-reported and physician-reported medical history. Am J Epidemiol, 1994; 139, 813−18. doi:  10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117078
[62] Grandner MA, Jackson N, Gerstner JR, et al. Dietary nutrients associated with short and long sleep duration. Data from a nationally representative sample. Appetite, 2013; 64, 71−80. doi:  10.1016/j.appet.2013.01.004
[63] Kwok CS, Kontopantelis E, Kuligowski G, et al. Self-reported sleep duration and quality and cardiovascular disease and mortality: a dose-response meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc, 2018; 7, e008552. doi:  10.1161/JAHA.118.008552
[64] Butler MP, Emch JT, Rueschman M, et al. Apnea-hypopnea event duration predicts mortality in men and women in the sleep heart health study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2019; 199, 903−12. doi:  10.1164/rccm.201804-0758OC