[1] Lawal Y, Bello F, Kaoje YS. Prediabetes Deserves More Attention: A Review. Clin Diabetes, 2020, 38(4): 328-338. DOI:  10.2337/cd19-0101.
[2] Zhang MQ, Lin C, Cai XL, et al. The Association between GLP-1 Receptor-Based Agonists and the Incidence of Asthma in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and/or Obesity: A Meta-Analysis. Biomed Environ Sci. 2024, 37(6): 607-616. DOI:  10.3967/bes2024.067
[3] Jiang S, Yu T, Di D, et al. Worldwide burden and trends of diabetes among people aged 70 years and older, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019[J]. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2024, 40(3): e3745. DOI:  10.1002/dmrr.3745.
[4] Wang L, Peng W, Zhao Z, et al. Prevalence and Treatment of Diabetes in China, 2013-2018[J]. JAMA, 2021, 326(24): 2498-2506. DOI:  10.1001/jama.2021.22208.
[5] Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021[J]. Diabetes Care, 2021, 44(Suppl 1): S15-S33. DOI:  10.2337/dc21-S002.
[6] World Health Organization, International Diabetes Federation. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation, 2006. Available: http://www. who. int/ diabetes/ publications/ diagnosis_ diabetes2006/ en/ [Accessed 29 Nov 2018].
[7] Karve A, Hayward RA. Prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance in nondiabetic U. S. adults. Diabetes Care, 2010; 33, 2355−2359. doi:  10.2337/dc09-1957
[8] Yip WCY, Sequeira IR, Plank LD, Poppitt SD. Prevalence of Pre-Diabetes across Ethnicities: A Review of Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) and Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) for Classification of Dysglycaemia. Nutrients. 2017; 9(11): 1273. DOI: 10.3390/nu9111273.
[9] Rooney M R, Rawlings A M, Pankow J S, et al. Risk of Progression to Diabetes Among Older Adults With Prediabetes[J]. JAMA Intern Med, 2021, 181(4): 511-519. DOI:  10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.8774.
[10] Sun HL, Zhao T, Zhang DD, et al. Interactions of Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms with Hypertriglyceridemia and Obesity in Chinese Individuals Susceptible to Hypertension and Diabetes Comorbidity. Biomed Environ Sci. 2023, 36(2): 196-200. DOI: 10.3967/bes2023.022.
[11] Jayedi A, Soltani S, Motlagh S Z, et al. Anthropometric and adiposity indicators and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ, 2022; 376, e067516. doi:  10.1136/bmj-2021-067516
[12] Garber A J. Anti-obesity pharmacotherapy and the potential for preventing progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes [J]. Endocr Pract, 2015, 21(6): 634-644. DOI:  10.4158/EP14460.RA.
[13] Li N, Lu C, Ma Y, et al. Factors associated with progression of different prediabetic status to Diabetes: A Community-based cohort study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2022; 184, 109193. doi:  10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109193
[14] Khan R, Chua Z, Tan J C, et al. From Pre-Diabetes to Diabetes: Diagnosis, Treatments and Translational Research[J]. Medicina (Kaunas), 2019, 55(9). DOI:  10.3390/medicina55090546.
[15] van Herpt T, Ligthart S, Leening M, et al. Lifetime risk to progress from pre-diabetes to type 2 diabetes among women and men: comparison between American Diabetes Association and World Health Organization diagnostic criteria[J]. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care, 2020, 8(2). DOI:  10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001529.
[16] Veronese N, Noale M, Sinclair A, et al. Risk of progression to diabetes and mortality in older people with prediabetes: The English longitudinal study on ageing[J]. Age Ageing, 2022, 51(2). DOI:  10.1093/ageing/afab222.
[17] Yin Z, Gao X, Zhang X, et al. Prevalence and Correlates of Healthy Aging Among Elderly Aged 65 Years and Over - 6 PLADs, China, 2019[J]. China CDC Wkly, 2021, 3(4): 69-73. DOI:  10.46234/ccdcw2021.019.
[18] Yip W, Fu H, Chen AT, Zhai T, Jian W, Xu R, et al. 10 years of health-care reform in China: Progress and gaps in universal health coverage. Lancet 2019; 394(10204): 1192-204. DOI:  10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32136-1.
[19] Guo Y X, Wang A Q, Gao X, et al. Obesity is positively Associated with Depression in Older Adults: Role of Systemic Inflammation[J]. Biomed Environ Sci, 2023, 36(6): 481-489. DOI:  10.3967/bes2023.059.
[20] Yin Z, Chen J, Zhang J, et al. Dietary Patterns Associated with Cognitive Function among the Older People in Underdeveloped Regions: Finding from the NCDFaC Study[J]. Nutrients, 2018, 10(4). DOI:  10.3390/nu10040464.
[21] Zhang X, Li Y, Kraus VB, Wang Y, Gao X, Wang B, Yin Z. Development of 3-Year Risk Prediction Model for Type 2 Diabetes in Older Adults with Prediabetes - China, 2019-2022. China CDC Wkly. 2025 May 16;7(20): 701-706. doi:  10.46234/ccdcw2025.117.
[22] Egan A M, Wood-Wentz C M, Mohan S, et al. Baseline Fasting Glucose Level, Age, Sex, and Body Mass Index and the Development of Diabetes in US Adults[J]. JAMA Netw Open, 2025, 8(1): e2456067. DOI:  10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.56067.
[23] Aoki J, Khalid O, Kaya C, Nagymanyoki Z, Hussong J, Salama ME. Progression from Prediabetes to Diabetes in a Diverse U. S. Population: A Machine Learning Model. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2024 Oct;26(10): 748-753. doi:  10.1089/dia.2024.0052.
[24] Hou X, Chen S, Hu G, et al. Stronger associations of waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio with diabetes than BMI in Chinese adults. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2019; 147, 9−18. doi:  10.1016/j.diabres.2018.07.029
[25] Fan Y, Wang R, Ding L, et al. Waist Circumference and its Changes Are More Strongly Associated with the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes than Body Mass Index and Changes in Body Weight in Chinese Adults[J]. J Nutr, 2020, 150(5): 1259-1265. DOI:  10.1093/jn/nxaa014.
[26] Nakanga WP, Crampin AC, Mkandawire J, et al. Waist circumference and glycaemia are strong predictors of progression to diabetes in individuals with prediabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: 4-year prospective cohort study in Malawi. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2023, 3(9): e0001263. DOI:  10.1371/journal.pgph.0001263.
[27] Reaven G M. Pathophysiology of insulin resistance in human disease[J]. Physiol Rev, 1995, 75(3): 473-486. DOI:  10.1152/physrev.1995.75.3.473.
[28] Kissebah A H, Krakower G R. Regional adiposity and morbidity[J]. Physiol Rev, 1994, 74(4): 761-811. DOI:  10.1152/physrev.1994.74.4.761.
[29] Ligthart S, van Herpt T T, Leening M J, et al. Lifetime risk of developing impaired glucose metabolism and eventual progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2016, 4(1): 44-51. DOI:  10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00362-9.
[30] Zhao X, Yao T, Song B, et al. The combination of body mass index and fasting plasma glucose is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japan: a secondary retrospective analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2024; 15, 1355180. doi:  10.3389/fendo.2024.1355180