[1] Fuller R, Landrigan PJ, Balakrishnan K, et al. Pollution and health: a progress update. Lancet Planet Health, 2022; 6, e535−47. doi:  10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0
[2] Meng X, Wang WD, Shi S, et al. Evaluating the spatiotemporal ozone characteristics with high-resolution predictions in mainland China, 2013-2019. Environ Pollut, 2022; 299, 118865. doi:  10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118865
[3] Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China. 2019 Report on the State of the Ecology and Environment in China. (2025-10-25). https://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/sthjzk/.
[4] Shin HH, Maquiling A, Thomson EM, et al. Sex-difference in air pollution-related acute circulatory and respiratory mortality and hospitalization. Sci Total Environ, 2022; 806, 150515. doi:  10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150515
[5] Chen C, Li TT, Sun QH, et al. Short-term exposure to ozone and cause-specific mortality risks and thresholds in China: evidence from nationally representative data, 2013-2018. Environ Int, 2023; 171, 107666. doi:  10.1016/j.envint.2022.107666
[6] Shin HH, Parajuli RP, Maquiling A, et al. Temporal trends in associations between ozone and circulatory mortality in age and sex in Canada during 1984-2012. Sci Total Environ, 2020; 724, 137944. doi:  10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137944
[7] Sun Q, Wang W, Chen C, et al. Acute effect of multiple ozone metrics on mortality by season in 34 Chinese counties in 2013-2015. J Intern Med, 2018; 283, 481−8. doi:  10.1111/joim.12724
[8] Hu W, Yang JN. Effect of ambient ozone pollution on disease burden globally: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Sci Total Environ, 2024; 926, 171739. doi:  10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171739
[9] Yao MY, Niu Y, Liu SC, et al. Mortality burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to ozone in China: 2019 vs 2050. Environ Sci Technol, 2023; 57, 10985−97. doi:  10.1021/acs.est.3c02076
[10] Wang FY, Qiu XH, Cao JY, et al. Policy-driven changes in the health risk of PM2.5 and O3 exposure in China during 2013-2018. Sci Total Environ, 2021; 757, 143775. doi:  10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143775
[11] Maji KJ, Namdeo A. Continuous increases of surface ozone and associated premature mortality growth in China during 2015-2019. Environ Pollut, 2021; 269, 116183. doi:  10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116183
[12] Chen KY, Wang PF, Zhao H, et al. Summertime O3 and related health risks in the North China Plain: a modeling study using two anthropogenic emission inventories. Atmos Environ, 2021; 246, 118087. doi:  10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118087
[13] Gao L, Xie Y, Meng XY, et al. Comparison of ozone and PM2.5 concentrations over urban, suburban, and background sites in China. Adv Atmos Sci, 2020; 37, 1297−309. doi:  10.1007/s00376-020-0054-2
[14] Maji KJ, Ye WF, Arora M, et al. PM2.5-related health and economic loss assessment for 338 Chinese cities. Environ Int, 2018; 121, 392−403. doi:  10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.024
[15] Zhu QY, Bi JZ, Liu X, et al. Satellite-based long-term spatiotemporal patterns of surface ozone concentrations in China: 2005-2019. Environ Health Perspect, 2022; 130, 27004. doi:  10.1289/EHP9406
[16] Cheng ML, Fang FX, Navon IM, et al. Assessing uncertainty and heterogeneity in machine learning-based spatiotemporal ozone prediction in Beijing-Tianjin- Hebei region in China. Sci Total Environ, 2023; 881, 163146. doi:  10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163146
[17] Xing J, Ding D, Wang SX, et al. Development and application of observable response indicators for design of an effective ozone and fine-particle pollution control strategy in China. Atmos Chem Phys, 2019; 19, 13627−46. doi:  10.5194/acp-19-13627-2019
[18] Cheng Y, He LY, Huang XF. Development of a high-performance machine learning model to predict ground ozone pollution in typical cities of China. J Environ Manage, 2021; 299, 113670. doi:  10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113670
[19] Zhu LF, Fang JY, Yao Y, et al. Long-term ambient ozone exposure and incident cardiovascular diseases: national cohort evidence in China. J Hazard Mater, 2024; 471, 134158. doi:  10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134158
[20] Zhan Y, Luo YZ, Deng XF, et al. Spatiotemporal prediction of daily ambient ozone levels across China using random forest for human exposure assessment. Environ Pollut, 2018; 233, 464−73. doi:  10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.029
[21] Liu H, Liu S, Xue BR, et al. Ground-level ozone pollution and its health impacts in China. Atmos Environ, 2018; 173, 223−30. doi:  10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.014
[22] Liang S, Li XL, Teng Y, et al. Estimation of health and economic benefits based on ozone exposure level with high spatial-temporal resolution by fusing satellite and station observations. Environ Pollut, 2019; 255, 113267. doi:  10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113267
[23] Wang YL, Wild O, Chen XS, et al. Health impacts of long-term ozone exposure in China over 2013-2017. Environ Int, 2020; 144, 106030. doi:  10.1016/j.envint.2020.106030
[24] Xue T, Zheng YX, Geng GN, et al. Estimating spatiotemporal variation in ambient ozone exposure during 2013-2017 using a data-fusion model. Environ Sci Technol, 2020; 54, 14877−88. doi:  10.1021/acs.est.0c03098
[25] Xiao QY, Geng GN, Xue T, et al. Tracking PM2.5 and O3 pollution and the related health burden in China 2013-2020. Environ Sci Technol, 2022; 56, 6922−32.
[26] Chen L, Liao H, Zhu J, et al. Increases in ozone-related mortality in China over 2013-2030 attributed to historical ozone deterioration and future population aging. Sci Total Environ, 2023; 858, 159972. doi:  10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159972
[27] De Marco A, Garcia-Gomez H, Collalti A, et al. Ozone modelling and mapping for risk assessment: an overview of different approaches for human and ecosystems health. Environ Res, 2022; 211, 113048. doi:  10.1016/j.envres.2022.113048
[28] Sun HZ, van Daalen KR, Morawska L, et al. An estimate of global cardiovascular mortality burden attributable to ambient ozone exposure reveals urban-rural environmental injustice. One Earth, 2024; 7, 1803−19. doi:  10.1016/j.oneear.2024.08.018
[29] Wang CL, Wang YY, Shi ZH, et al. Effects of using different exposure data to estimate changes in premature mortality attributable to PM2.5 and O3 in China. Environ Pollut, 2021; 285, 117242. doi:  10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117242
[30] Tang C, Zhang YQ, Yi JP, et al. The association between ozone exposure and blood pressure in a general Chinese middle-aged and older population: a large-scale repeated-measurement study. BMC Med, 2024; 22, 559. doi:  10.1186/s12916-024-03783-4
[31] Tan QY, Zhou M, You XJ, et al. Association of ambient ozone exposure with early cardiovascular damage among general urban adults: a repeated-measures cohort study in China. Sci Total Environ, 2024; 957, 177380. doi:  10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177380
[32] Sun YY, Huang J, Zhao Y, et al. Effects of indoor ozone on inflammatory factors EGF and Fractalkine in circulatory system. Chin J Evidence-Based Cardiovasc Med, 2020; 12, 550−3.
[33] Zhao SQ, Xu J, Chen HJ, et al. Impact of ozone exposure on respiratory and circulatory system diseases mortality and the potential role of heatwaves in Beijing, China, 2019—2023. J Environ Hyg, 2026; 16, 129−37.
[34] Samoli E, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J, et al. The temporal pattern of mortality responses to ambient ozone in the APHEA project. J Epidemiol Community Health, 2009; 63, 960−6. doi:  10.1136/jech.2008.084012
[35] Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Sera F, Liu C, et al. Short term association between ozone and mortality: global two stage time series study in 406 locations in 20 countries. BMJ, 2020; 368, m108.
[36] Yin P, Chen RJ, Wang LJ, et al. Ambient ozone pollution and daily mortality: a nationwide study in 272 Chinese cities. Environ Health Perspect, 2017; 125, 117006. doi:  10.1289/EHP1849
[37] Liu J, Huang J, Xu XW, et al. Impact of ambient ozone exposure on death from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Minhang District, Shanghai. J Environ Occup Med, 2024; 41, 467−73.
[38] Lin SK, Lin ZS, Wang K. Risk assessment on ambient ozone exposure-related circulation system mortality among residents in Fuzhou City. Chin J Public Health, 2020; 36, 929−32.
[39] Turner MC, Jerrett M, Pope CA III, et al. Long-term ozone exposure and mortality in a large prospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2016; 193, 1134−42. doi:  10.1164/rccm.201508-1633OC
[40] Bouma F, Janssen NA, Wesseling J, et al. Comparison of air pollution mortality effect estimates using different long-term exposure assessment modelling methods. Environ Res, 2025; 279, 121832. doi:  10.1016/j.envres.2025.121832
[41] Bell ML, Dominici F, Samet JM. A meta-analysis of time-series studies of ozone and mortality with comparison to the national morbidity, mortality, and air pollution study. Epidemiology, 2005; 16, 436−45. doi:  10.1097/01.ede.0000165817.40152.85
[42] Di Q, Kloog I, Koutrakis P, et al. Assessing PM2.5 exposures with high spatiotemporal resolution across the continental United States. Environ Sci Technol, 2016; 50, 4712−21. doi:  10.1021/acs.est.5b06121
[43] Duncan BN, Prados AI, Lamsal LN, et al. Satellite data of atmospheric pollution for U. S. air quality applications: examples of applications, summary of data end-user resources, answers to FAQs, and common mistakes to avoid. Atmos Environ, 2024; 94, 647−62. doi:  10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.061
[44] Sun HT, Shin YM, Xia MT, et al. Spatial resolved surface ozone with urban and rural differentiation during 1990-2019: a space-time Bayesian neural network downscaler. Environ Sci Technol, 2022; 56, 7337−49. doi:  10.1021/acs.est.1c04797
[45] Di Q, Dai LZ, Wang Y, et al. Association of short-term exposure to air pollution with mortality in older adults. JAMA, 2017; 318, 2446−56. doi:  10.1001/jama.2017.17923
[46] Li Y, Liao Q, Zhao XG, et al. Premature mortality attributable to PM2.5 pollution in China during 2008-2016: underlying causes and responses to emission reductions. Chemosphere, 2021; 263, 127925. doi:  10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127925
[47] Ding D, Xing J, Wang SX, et al. Estimated contributions of emissions controls, meteorological factors, population growth, and changes in baseline mortality to reductions in Ambient PM2.5 and PM2.5-related mortality in China, 2013-2017. Environ Health Perspect, 2019; 127, 067009. doi:  10.1289/EHP4157