[1] Bray GA, Kim KK, Wilding JPH. Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation. Obes Rev, 2017; 18, 715−23. doi:  10.1111/obr.12551
[2] Chen K, Shen ZW, Gu WJ, et al. Prevalence of obesity and associated complications in China: a cross-sectional, real-world study in 15.8 million adults. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2023; 25, 3390−9. doi:  10.1111/dom.15238
[3] John RS. The history and theory of the doubly labeled water technique. Am J Clin Nutr, 1998; 68, 932S−8S. doi:  10.1093/ajcn/68.4.932S
[4] Westerterp KR. Doubly labelled water assessment of energy expenditure: principle, practice, and promise. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2017; 117, 1277−85. doi:  10.1007/s00421-017-3641-x
[5] Chinese Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for China. People’s Medical Publishing House. 2023. (In Chinese)
[6] IAEA. Assessment of body composition and total energy expenditure in humans using stable isotope techniques. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 2009.
[7] Speakman JR, Yamada Y, Sagayama H, et al. A standard calculation methodology for human doubly labeled water studies. Cell Rep Med, 2021; 2, 100203. doi:  10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100203
[8] Zhuo Q, Sun R, Gou LY, et al. Total energy expenditure of 16 Chinese young men measured by the doubly labeled water method. Biomed Environ Sci, 2013; 26, 413−20.
[9] Liu JM, Yang XG, Piao JH, et al. Dietary energy requirements of young adult women in China by the doubly labeled water method. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2010; 19, 520−5. doi:  10.1093/ajcn/62.2.338
[10] Pontzer H, Yamada Y, Sagayama H, et al. Daily energy expenditure through the human life course. Science, 2021; 373, 808−12. doi:  10.1126/science.abe5017