[1] Zhou F, Zhou J, Wang W, et al. Unexpected rapid increase in the burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in china from 2008 to 2018: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology, 2019; 70, 1119−33.
[2] Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology, 2018; 67, 328−57. doi:  10.1002/hep.29367
[3] Unalp Arida A, Ruhl CE. Liver fibrosis scores predict liver disease mortality in the United States population. Hepatology, 2017; 66, 84−95. doi:  10.1002/hep.29113
[4] Dulai PS, Singh S, Patel J, et al. Loomba R: Increased risk of mortality by fibrosis stage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Hepatology, 2017; 65, 1557−65. doi:  10.1002/hep.29085
[5] Kim D, Kim WR, Kim HJ, et al. Association between noninvasive fibrosis markers and mortality among adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States. Hepatology, 2013; 57, 1357−65. doi:  10.1002/hep.26156
[6] McDermott MM. Lower extremity manifestations of peripheral artery disease: the pathophysiologic and functional implications of leg ischemia. Cir Res, 2015; 116, 1540−50. doi:  10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.303517
[7] Huang Y, Bi Y, Xu M, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with atherosclerosis in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2012; 32, 2321−6. doi:  10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.252957
[8] Sinn DH, Cho SJ, Gu S, et al. Persistent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease increases risk for carotid atherosclerosis. Gastroenterology, 2016; 151, 481−8. doi:  10.1053/j.gastro.2016.06.001
[9] Yang SL, Zhu LY, Han R, et al. Pathophysiology of peripheral arterial disease in diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes, 2017; 9, 133−40. doi:  10.1111/1753-0407.12474
[10] Leite NC, Villela-Nogueira CA, Pannain VL, et al. Histopathological stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes: prevalences and correlated factors. Liver Int, 2011; 31, 700−6. doi:  10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02482.x
[11] Resnick HE, Lindsay RS, McDermott MM, et al. Relationship of high and low ankle brachial index to all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: the strong heart study. Circulation, 2004; 109, 733−9. doi:  10.1161/01.CIR.0000112642.63927.54
[12] Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and betacell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia, 1985; 28, 412−9. doi:  10.1007/BF00280883
[13] Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M, et al. Meta-analysis: natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tests for liver disease severity. Ann Med, 2011; 43, 617−49. doi:  10.3109/07853890.2010.518623
[14] Petta S, Eslam M, Valenti L, et al. Metabolic syndrome and severity of fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: An age-dependent risk profiling study. Liver Int, 2017; 37, 1389−96. doi:  10.1111/liv.13397
[15] Mena Á, Pedreira JD, Castro Á, et al. Metabolic syndrome association with fibrosis development in chronic hepatitis B virus inactive carriers. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2014; 29, 173−8. doi:  10.1111/jgh.12432
[16] Kim Y, Chang Y, Cho YK, et al. Metabolically healthy versus unhealthy obesity and risk of fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int, 2019; 39, 1884−94. doi:  10.1111/liv.14184
[17] Golledge J, Cronin O, Iyer V, et al. Cunningham MA: Body mass index is inversely associated with mortality in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Atherosclerosis, 2013; 229, 549−55. doi:  10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.04.030
[18] Fujii H, Imajo K, Yoneda M, et al. HOMA-IR: An independent predictor of advanced liver fibrosis in nondiabetic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019; 34, 1390−5. doi:  10.1111/jgh.14595
[19] Britton KA, Mukamal KJ, Ix JH, et al. Insulin resistance and incident peripheral artery disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Vasc Med, 2012; 17, 85−93. doi:  10.1177/1358863X11436195
[20] Pande RL, Perlstein TS, Beckman JA, et al. Association of insulin resistance and inflammation with peripheral arterial disease: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2004. Circulation, 2008; 118, 33−41. doi:  10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.721878
[21] Fargion S, Porzio M, Fracanzani AL. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and vascular disease: state-of-the-art. World J of Gastroenterol, 2014; 20, 13306−24. doi:  10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13306
[22] Gressner AM, Weiskirchen R, Breitkopf K, et al. Roles of TGF-beta in hepatic fibrosis. Front Biosci, 2002; 7, d793−807. doi:  10.2741/A812
[23] Fleenor BS, Marshall KD, Durrant JR, et al. Arterial stiffening with ageing is associated with transforming growth factor-β1-related changes in adventitial collagen: reversal by aerobic exercise. J Physiol, 2010; 588, 3971−82. doi:  10.1113/jphysiol.2010.194753
[24] Garlanda C, Bottazzi B, Bastone A, et al. Pentraxins at the crossroads between innate immunity, inflammation, matrix deposition, and female fertility. Annu Rev Immunol, 2005; 23, 337−66. doi:  10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115756
[25] Napoleone E, Di Santo A, Bastone A, et al. Long pentraxin PTX3 upregulates tissue factor expression in human endothelial cells: a novel link between vascular inflammation and clotting activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2002; 22, 782−7. doi:  10.1161/01.ATV.0000012282.39306.64
[26] Ozturk K, Kurt O, Dogan T, et al. Pentraxin 3 is a predictor for fibrosis and arterial stiffness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract, 2016; 2016, 1417962.
[27] Kim JA, Montagnani M, Koh KK, et al. Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation, 2006; 113, 1888−904. doi:  10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.563213
[28] Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 2017; 135, e686−e725.
[29] Aboyans V, Criqui MH, Abraham P, et al. American Heart Association Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia: Measurement and interpretation of the ankle-brachial index: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2012; 126, 2890−909. doi:  10.1161/CIR.0b013e318276fbcb
[30] Clark JM, Diehl AM. Defining nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Implications for epidemiologic studies. Gastroenterology, 2003; 124, 248−50. doi:  10.1053/gast.2003.50032
[31] Hernaez R, Lazo M, Bonekamp S, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and reliability of ultrasonography for the detection of fatty liver: A meta‐analysis. Hepatology, 2011; 54, 1082−90.
[32] Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G, et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology, 2007; 45, 846−54. doi:  10.1002/hep.21496
[33] Imajo K, Kessoku T, Honda Y, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging more accurately classifies steatosis and fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease than transient elastography. Gastroenterology, 2016; 150, 626−637.e7. doi:  10.1053/j.gastro.2015.11.048
[34] Meijer WT, Hoes AW, Rutgers D, et al. Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1998; 18, 185−92. doi:  10.1161/01.ATV.18.2.185