Biomedical and Environmental Sciences

Articles in press have been peer-reviewed and accepted, which are not yet assigned to volumes /issues, but are citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI).

Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exacerbates Ketogenesis in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes

Huihuan Luo, Yuanting Xie, Xinyi Fang, Bin Pan, Yalan Xiao, Jingyu Li, Xiaoqing Hong, Dongyang Han, Wenyue Tu, Haidong Kan, Yanyi Xu, Renjie Chen

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.059

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Objective Prior epidemiological research demonstrated an association between short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and acute diabetic events, specifically diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). However, mechanistic investigations remain lacking to substantiate biological link. Methods Twenty 18-week-old male BKS db/db mice were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 10 per group). Ambient PM_2.5 suspension (5 mg/kg in 50 μL) or an equal volume of phosphate-buffered saline was intratracheally instilled once daily for three consecutive days. Within 24 hours after the final instillation (Day 3), serum β-hydroxybutyrate was quantified, and liver tissues were collected for transcriptomic profiling (RNA-seq) to explore potential mechanisms linking PM_2.5 to ketone body levels (i.e., β-hydroxybutyrate). Results The PM_2.5 group exhibited higher 3-hydroxybutyric acid levels than controls. The liver transcriptome differed significantly between groups. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses indicated differentially expressed genes were primarily associated with lipid metabolism. Further, 43 genes exhibited moderate-to-strong correlations with 3-hydroxybutyric acid (16 positive, 27 negative; coefficients 0.56 – 0.76). These genes are involved in fatty acid oxidation, lipogenesis, lipid transport, glucose metabolism, and inflammation. Conclusion PM_2.5 exposure may enhance ketogenesis through disruption of hepatic glucolipid metabolism, providing mechanistic insight into its potential role in acute diabetic metabolic decompensation.

Enhancing Multi-Center Comparability through Systematic Quality Supervision: A Three-year National Assessment of 24-Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Laboratory Performance

Jing Liang, Xin Xin, Huan Luo, Jinping Zhao, Xiaoyan Chang, Fanghong Zhao, Xiaozhe Tang, Kuke Ding

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.103

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Machine Learning- and Molecular Docking-driven Discovery of Omega-3 Fatty Acids as Key Predictors of Serum Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Levels

Ming Yang, Jingtao Wu, Lin Tao, Weitian Tang, Weitao Su, Jiaxin Zhao, Shengmei Zhang, Yanbing Li, Yaoyu Hu, Ang Li, Yichao Huang

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.100

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Global Disparities in Long-Term Mortality Risks Associated with Wildfire Activity under Climate Change

Qiao Liu, Zhiyu Zhang, Min Liu, Jue Liu, ICAID-APE

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.102

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Objective Wildfires have intensified globally; however, evidence of their long-term, multi-disease health impacts across countries at varying development levels remains scarce. Therefore, this study aims to quantify the associations between wildfires and cause-specific mortality while accounting for socioeconomic disparities. Methods Using an ecological panel dataset covering 62 countries from 2000 to 2023, we quantified the global associations between annual wildfire activity, measured using a satellite-derived burn index, and age-standardized mortality from 22 outcomes. Results After adjusting for socioeconomic indicators and temporal trends using mixed-effects models, higher wildfire activity was found to be independently associated with increased all-cause mortality and significantly more deaths from cardiovascular, digestive, and metabolic diseases. Stratified analyses revealed pronounced heterogeneity according to the Human Development Index (HDI): high-HDI countries experienced the largest mortality burden and the broadest range of affected chronic diseases, whereas low-HDI countries showed stronger links to deaths from HIV/AIDS and violence. Conclusion These findings indicate that the health risks of wildfires are neither uniform nor confined to respiratory outcomes but instead reflect the intersection of climate-related hazards, demographic transitions, and disease structure. As wildfires intensify under global warming, our results underscore the need for adaptive health systems and climate policies that consider the differential vulnerabilities across developmental contexts.

Maternal Residential Greenness and Preterm Birth in Nanning, China: Critical Windows and Thresholds

Meimeng Huang, Liangqin Mao, Xiaomin Wang, Yujun Xiong, Mingxiao Wei, Mingzhen Liang, Xianyan Tang, Shun Liu

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.101

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Objective To identify critical exposure windows and thresholds of maternal residential greenness during pregnancy in relation to preterm birth (PTB). Methods Using the sibling-matched birth cohort data from the "China Green City" Nanning, China (2016–2022), conditional logistic regression and restricted cubic splines (RCS) were applied to assess the nonlinear dose-response associations between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and PTB risk across different pregnancy periods and buffer zones. Results The median seasonal NDVI in Nanning was approximately 0.80, with relatively small differences between seasons. Pre-pregnancy residential NDVI (500 m buffer) was associated with higher PTB risk (adjusted odds ratio [OR] per interquartile range [IQR] = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.05–1.27), showing an upward trend with a risk threshold above 0.80. Third-trimester residential NDVI (500 m buffer) was associated with lower PTB risk (adjusted OR per IQR= 0.59; 95% CI: 0.54–0.65), showing an L-shaped dose-response curve with an inflection point at NDVI 0.30. Conclusion The third trimester and pre-pregnancy periods represent critical windows for the association between maternal residential greenness and PTB. Therefore, optimal levels of maternal residential greenness during pregnancy may reduce the risk of PTB.

Associations of the Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Its Obesity-Related Indices with Microvascular Complications among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study

Xi Chen, Yuhe Tan, Hao Wang, Tingting Geng, Mingzhu Yuan, An Pan, Xufang Sun

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.098

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A Connectome-based Study of Cognitive Impairment Associated with Chronic Insomnia

Jingting Kong, Zan Wang, Mengxue Wang, Na Zhao, Xuezi Zhang, Qingguo Ren

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.092

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Increasing Mortality Burden Attributable to Concurrent Heatwave-Ozone Exposure in China: Evidence from a Regional Time-Series Study

Jianan Li, Yiqi Qiu, Mike Z. He, Jianlong Fang, Yu Wang, Chenfeng Li, Yueqiao Zhou, Jiaonan Wang, Chen Chen, Chen Mao, Xiaoming Shi

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.091

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Objectives While climate warming has driven concurrent heatwave-ozone events, the magnitude of their joint health impacts remains insufficiently quantified. Particularly, the specific ozone (O₃) thresholds that trigger changes in heatwave mortality risks have not yet been determined. Methods A time-series study was performed using mortality data (2013–2018) from 59 counties across the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and surrounding areas in China. Applying quasi-Poisson generalized linear models, the study quantified exposure-response relationships, additive interactions, and attributable fractions for the concurrent events. Heatwaves and O₃ pollution events were classified by intensity and duration and combined to define different types of concurrent events. Results The study found that when O₃ levels exceeded 130 μg/m³ for at least two days during heatwaves, significant additive interactions markedly intensified mortality risks, particularly for circulatory diseases. These concurrent events increased non-accidental mortality by 13.5%, along with circulatory (16.9%), respiratory (13.9%), nervous system (24.1%), and type 2 diabetes (27.0%) mortality. However, nervous system mortality exhibited unique sensitivity to O₃ concentrations during concurrent exposure, following a distinct upward trend. Women, older adults (≥ 65 years), and individuals with circulatory diseases were identified as vulnerable populations. From 2013 to 2018, 29,730 deaths were attributable to concurrent events (52.8% circulatory), with the attributable fraction rising by 0.15% annually. Conclusions These findings provide essential empirical evidence for developing an integrated smart early-warning framework, establishing feasible protocols for alert grading, and supporting the design of targeted interventions for vulnerable populations.

Long-Term National Trends in the Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Association with Social Determinants of Health in Korean Adults, 2007–2024

Jihu Im, Juyeong Kim, Seoyoung Park, Yesol Yim, Hyunjee Kim, Jihye Choi, Dongkeon Yon

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.090

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Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is linked to social determinants of health (SDOH); however, long-term trends in its prevalence and the association with SDOH remain unclear. Thus, we investigated national trends in T2DM prevalence and the cumulative burden of SDOH. Methods We analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2024), including adults aged ≥ 19 years. T2DM was defined by physician diagnosis, use of anti-diabetic medication, fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, or hemoglobin A1c ≥ 6.5%. SDOH was assessed across seven key domains—education level, marital status, household income, food security, type of health insurance, employment status, and home ownership— and classified into low- (≤ 2) and high-burden (> 2) groups; the cumulative score was also analyzed as ordinal and continuous variables to evaluate dose-response relationships. Trends were examined using weighted linear regression, and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression across pre- (2007–2019), intra- (2020–2022), and preliminary post-pandemic (2023–2024) periods. Age-standardized estimates and sensitivity analyses, including inverse probability weighting and mediation analysis, were performed to ensure robustness. Results A total of 85,695 adults (males; 35,392, 41.30%) were included. The prevalence of T2DM showed increasing trend (8.55%, 95% CI: 7.96% to 9.13% in 2007–2009; 11.66%, 95% CI: 11.11% to 12.22% in 2016–2019), and a surge was observed at the onset of the pandemic in 2020, peaking at 13.66% (95% CI:12.24% to 15.07%) in 2021 before rebounding to 14.19% (12.99% - 15.39%) in 2024. High cumulative SDOH was associated with T2DM (aOR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.25 to 1.41), showing a clear dose-response relationship where the risk progressively escalated with higher SDOH scores (score ≥ 6: 1.79 [1.58 to 2.04]). Among individual components, lack of private health insurance showed the strongest association (aOR, 1.30 [95% CI: 1.22 to 1.39]). Other major risk factors included established demographic and clinical predictors such as older age, male, and obesity. Conclusions T2DM prevalence has increased over time, and a high cumulative burden of SDOH remains consistently associated with this prevalence, highlighting the need for equity-focused public health strategies.

Comparison of PTSD Risk Prediction Models for Rescue Workers Based on High-dimensional Features

Qiongxuan Li, Qiao Wang, Wei Lu, Chunyan Li, Yuning Liu, Meilin Zhu, Jiayi Deng, Xiaoyong Sai

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.089

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Objective Rescue workers are frequently exposed to traumatic events and are at a high risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We developed and compared machine-learning models for PTSD risk and assessed their generalizability. Methods This multicenter cross-sectional study included 13,462 rescue workers from 13 units for model development/internal validation and 8,757 workers from two additional units for external validation. Probable PTSD was defined as a PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 score ≥ 33. Sixteen variables were reduced using principal component analysis (PCA) or exploratory factor analysis (FA). Nine machine-learning algorithms were trained using a stratified 70:30 split, 5-fold cross-validation, and synthetic minority oversampling. Results Among PCA-based models, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) achieved the highest external area under the curve (AUC, 0.8931), whereas random forest showed the highest sensitivity. Among the factor-analysis-based models, XGBoost achieved the highest external AUC (0.8832), whereas random forest provided a sensitivity-oriented alternative. Original-variable SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis identified acute stress disorder (ASD), self-rating depression scale (SDS), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), passive smoking, monthly family income, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), and age as the main contributors. Conclusion Dimensionality-reduced machine-learning models showed measurable discriminatory ability for PTSD risk stratification, and model choice should reflect screening priorities.

Extinction or Dormancy: A Perspective on B/Yamagata Lineage Influenza Viruses

Jiaxin Li, Jiayu Sang, Yan Yang, Yingze Zhao, George F. Gao, Jun Liu

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.087

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Monocyte-to-albumin Ratio Is Associated with Cognitive Function in Adults Aged Over 60

Congcong Liu, Peichang Wang, Haixia Ma

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.085

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Blood Manganese Exposure and Risk of Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: Evidence from Prospective Cohort Study

Yue Chen, Wanying Shi, Huijie Chang, Liang Ding, Chen Chen, Yingli Qu, Zhenyi Yin, Yongmei Wang, Zhanhong Xue, Fanye Long, Luxi Wei, Caihong Jiang, Peipei Dong, Ying Zhu, Yuebin Lyu, Xiaoming Shi

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.086

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Objective The prospective cohort study aimed to examine the link between blood Manganese (Mn) concentrations and incident cognitive impairment risk in Chinese elderly individuals. Methods This study enrolled 6,868 individuals aged 60 years and above from two cohort studies from 2017 to 2024. High-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was employed to quantify blood Mn concentrations. Cognitive function was evaluated by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between blood Mn levels and risk of cognitive impairment, while linear mixed-effects models were used to examine their associations with MMSE and domain-specific cognitive scores. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was confirmed to explore the dose-response relationship. Results During an average follow-up of 4.00 years, 1,138 developed cognitive impairment. The mean blood Mn concentration across all participants was 11.297 ± 3.763 µg/L. After full adjustment for covariates, higher blood Mn levels (per interquartile range [IQR] increase) were significantly associated with greater declines in MMSE score (β = −0.033, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.048, −0.018) and in multiple domain-specific scores, including orientation, attention and calculation, language, naming, and recall, with the strongest associations observed for naming (β = −0.043, 95% CI: −0.070, −0.015) and recall (β = −0.047, 95% CI: −0.064, −0.030). Individuals in the highest quartile (Q₄) of blood Mn levels exhibited a 28.5% greater risk of cognitive impairment (Adjusted hazard ratio [HR] =1.285, 95% CI: 1.081, 1.526) versus the lowest quartile (Q₁) of blood Mn levels. The risk of cognitive impairment was 13.1% higher for each IQR increase in blood Mn (HR = 1.131, 95% CI: 1.051, 1.217). A positive and linear dose-response pattern was confirmed by the RCS model (P for non-linearity > 0.05). Conclusions In this population-based prospective cohort study of older adults, higher blood Mn levels were significantly associated with poorer cognitive performance and an increased risk of cognitive impairment, with the most pronounced associations observed for naming and recall ability, suggesting that reducing Mn exposure could serve as a modifiable target for cognitive health protection among older adults.

A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study of Chronic Urticaria in Chinese Adults with Cardiometabolic Diseases: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Effect on Disease Management

Zhihui Yang, Xiao Zhang, Wen Chen, Zuotao Zhao, Tao Huang, Limin Wang

Corrected proof doi: 0.3967/bes2026.084

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Objective To investigate the epidemiology and risk factors for chronic urticaria (CU) in Chinese adults with cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), and its effect on CMD recognition and management. Methods We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional analysis using data from the 2018–2019 China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance, which included 118,036 adults with CMDs. Weighted CU prevalence and CMD awareness, treatment, and control rates (stratified by CU status) were estimated using a complex survey design, whereas risk factors for CU were identified using multivariable logistic regression. Results The weighted CU prevalence among patients with CMDs was 2.90%, peaking at 3.94% in 60–69-year-old individuals, and was higher in females (3.41%) than in males (2.56%), especially in rural areas. Key risk factors included current smoking (odds ratio [OR] 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–1.29) and abnormal sleep duration (<5 h: OR 1.79, 95% CI: 1.61–1.99; >10 h: OR 1.39, 95% CI: 1.19–1.61). Patients with CU showed stronger association with improved CMD awareness (hypertension: 50.71% vs. 40.27%; diabetes: 47.14% vs. 36.21%; dyslipidemia: 30.71% vs. 17.12%) and treatment rates (hypertension: 41.37% vs. 34.22%; diabetes: 41.31% vs. 32.52%; dyslipidemia: 18.29% vs. 9.94%) than non-CU patients but with comparable control rates. Conclusion CU is prevalent in patients with CMD and associated with distinct demographic and lifestyle risk factors. Although CU facilitates earlier detection of CMD, it does not improve disease control, indicating the need for integrated dermatology-cardiometabolic care.

LDH-related Metabolic Alterations in Alzheimer’s Disease: Evidence from Clinical and Transcriptomic Analyses

Qiao Song, Wen Li, Yang Liu, Sigen Li, Leyang Ju, Jingrong Cao, Shuo Gao, Zhichen Liao, Yaqi Wang, Yuli Hou, Haixia Ma, Yunxiu Zhang, Diandian Chen, Wenshuo Yang, Xiang Yang, Qiliang Li, Peichang Wang

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.083

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Objective Reduced brain energy metabolism is a key feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-related metabolic changes in AD are not fully understood. This study aimed to evaluate serum LDH activity in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. We used public transcriptomic datasets to explore the features of LDHA and LDHB across brain regions, cell types, and co-expression networks. Method In a retrospective clinical cohort of 132 healthy controls (HC), 87 patients with MCI, and 103 patients with AD, we compared serum LDH activity after adjusting for major clinical covariates. Next, we used public transcriptomic datasets (AlzData, Agora, CELLxGENE, and genotype-tissue expression (GTEx)) to evaluate regional and cell-type-specific expression patterns of LDHA and LDHB. We also characterized LDH-associated functional networks using GTEx normal brain data for baseline co-expression analysis and AD-related weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Results Clinical cohort analysis showed that serum LDH activity was significantly decreased in patients with MCI and AD. Serum LDH activity did not significantly correlate with mini-mental state examination (MMSE) or montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) scores. Brain transcriptomic analysis revealed that LDHA expression was significantly downregulated in AD-related regions (entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and temporal cortex), whereas LDHB showed a downward trend in several AD-related regions. Both genes were detectable across multiple brain cell types with relatively prominent expression in neurons. Functional analysis showed that, under normal conditions, LDHA-correlated genes were broadly involved in glycolysis, vesicle trafficking, autophagy, and proteostasis, whereas LDHB-correlated genes were highly concentrated in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and the citric acid (TCA) cycle. AD-related WGCNA showed region-dependent organization of LDHA- and LDHB-containing modules, with repeated enrichment in synaptic vesicle-related processes, mitochondrial respiration, autophagy, and proteostasis-related pathways. Conclusion This study provides clinical and transcriptomic evidence of LDH-related metabolic alterations in patients with AD. Reduced serum LDH activity in MCI and AD, together with decreased LDHA/LDHB expression in AD-related brain regions and region-dependent LDH-associated co-expression networks, supports a potential link between LDH-related metabolism and mitochondrial energy metabolism, synaptic function, and proteostasis in AD. These findings should be interpreted as exploratory, and require validation through paired prospective and mechanistic studies.

Aging Acceleration and Multi-omics Signatures of Passive Smoking on All-cause Mortality in Never-smokers

Ziqi Wan, Jiarui Mi, Jieying Tang, Nan Zhao

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.082

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A Multidimensional Measurement and Comparative Study of Healthy Life Expectancy in the Elderly Population in Jiangxi Province

Lin Fu, Fenfei Xu, Xinru Li, Yanhong Zhang, Jiechuan Hou, Songbo Hu

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.071

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Long-term Association between Ozone Exposure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Modified by County-level Socioeconomic Status and Temperature: A Nationwide Cross-sectional Study in China

Ning Wang, Baohua Wang, Zhiwei Xu, Jian Cheng, Xuefei Feng, Shuai Wang, Rui Zhao, Bingbing Wang, Wenbiao Hu, Jing Wu

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.070

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Objective Evidence regarding the association between long-term ozone exposure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has primarily originated from high-income countries, with limited studies in China. Methods This nationwide cross-sectional study included 66,752 Chinese adults. Patients with COPD were identified using post-bronchodilator spirometry. Long-term ozone exposure was estimated using the average ozone concentrations in the grid cells covering the participants’ residential counties. Logistic regression was used to analyze the ozone–COPD association, adjusting for individual-level risk factors and socioeconomic factors. Additive interaction models were employed to assess the modification of the ozone–COPD association by county-level gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and temperature. Results Each 10-µg/m³ increase in annual ozone exposure was significantly associated with a higher risk of COPD (odds ratio [OR]: 1.172, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.039−1.322). In comparison with counties in the highest quartile of GDP per capita, the association between ozone exposure and COPD was stronger in counties in the lowest quartile of GDP per capita (P < 0.05). Counties with lower winter temperatures exhibited a stronger ozone–COPD association than those with warmer winters (P < 0.05). The relative excess risks due to the interaction of ozone with GDP per capita and winter temperature were 0.219 (95% CI: 0.095–0.344) and 0.254 (95% CI: 0.103–0.404), respectively. Conclusion Socioeconomically disadvantaged and colder regions exhibited greater susceptibility to ozone-related COPD. Targeted interventions aimed at these vulnerable countries are needed to mitigate inequalities in ozone-related COPD.

Development and Validation of a Framework for Comprehensive Vaccine Value Assessment: A Modified Delphi Study

Quanwei Song, Hong Yang, Na Liu, Linlin Gong, Zhijie An, Huaqing Wang

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.058

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Background Traditional Health Technology Assessments (HTAs) commonly overlook the broader societal and economic externalities of vaccines, leading to systematic undervaluation and suboptimal resource allocation. This study aimed to develop and validate a comprehensive vaccine value framework and prioritize individual elements for future HTA integration. Methods A two-phase mixed-methods approach was employed for framework development. Phase 1 involved a systematic literature review of major databases to construct an initial conceptual framework. Phase 2 utilized a two-round modified Delphi study involving a multidisciplinary expert panel to validate and refine the framework. Six evaluative criteria, categorized under the dimensions of "Relevance" and "Feasibility," were weighted and applied to score each value element. Finally, a comparative analysis of the raw and weighted scores was conducted to identify five priority value elements for future integration into HTAs. Results The final validated framework comprised 5 value categories, 21 value elements, and 75 actionable value items. Although traditional metrics achieved the highest consensus, the following five "broader" elements emerged as top priorities for future inclusion: (1) Enhancement of Health System Security, (2) Macroeconomic Gains, (3) Social Equity and Ethics, (4) Prevention of Institutional Disruptions, and (5) Value to Other Interventions. Conclusion This study established a standardized multitiered roadmap to capture the multifaceted value of vaccines. By introducing actionable Tier-3 indicators, the framework operationalizes the assessment of broader vaccine benefits and offers a practical tool to support equitable and comprehensive evidence-based policymaking. Furthermore, the identification of the five priority value elements provides a feasible pathway for integrating extended vaccine externalities into future HTAs. Ultimately, this standardized framework will facilitate holistic decision-making and support the optimal allocation of resources within national immunization programs.

From Phylogeny to Metabolic Potential: Reclassifying and Characterizing Nocardia through Genome-Wide Analysis

Bingqian Du, Ziyu Song, Yuting Duan, Yutong Kang, Min Yuan, Shuai Xu, Zhenjun Li

In press doi: 10.3967/bes2026.057

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Objective This study aimed to comprehensively characterize the genomic diversity, evolutionary dynamics, pathogenic potential, antimicrobial resistance, and secondary metabolite capacity of the Nocardia genus using whole-genome analyses. Methods We analyzed 751 publicly available Nocardia genomes using genome-based species delineation, phylogenomics, pangenome analysis, and comparative functional profiling to assess taxonomy, virulence, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). Results Phylogenomic analyses resolved five major clades: N. farcinica, N. carnea, N. asteroides, N. transvalensis, and N. otitidiscaviarum groups. The pangenome is open, comprising 467,566 gene clusters and reflecting extensive genomic diversity. Virulence factors and ARGs exhibit clade-specific patterns: the N. farcinica group harbors the most complete virulence repertoire and diverse resistance determinants, whereas the N. carnea and N. asteroides groups carry fewer genes. Analysis of 10,196 BGCs across 46 classes revealed conserved clusters of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, terpenes, and type I polyketide synthases, with higher biosynthetic potential in the N. farcinica, N. transvalensis, and N. otitidiscaviarum groups. Several genomes encode BGCs associated with antibacterial or anticancer compounds. Conclusion This comprehensive genome analysis of Nocardia, representing the most complete sampling to date, clarifies phylogeny, reclassifies misassigned strains, identifies potential novel species, and reveals clade-specific patterns of virulence, resistance, and secondary metabolism.

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Bone Injury and Fracture Healing Biology

Ahmad Oryan, Somayeh Monazzah, Amin Bigham-Sadegh

2015, 28(1): 57-71. doi: 10.3967/bes2015.006

[Abstract](33192) [PDF 3875KB](15554)

Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China 2021: An Updated Summary

The Writing Committee of the Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China

2022, 35(7): 573-603. doi: 10.3967/bes2022.079

[Abstract](47261) [FullText HTML](22044) [PDF 2336KB](22044)

Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China 2022: an Updated Summary

The Writing Committee of the Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China

2023, 36(8): 669-701. doi: 10.3967/bes2023.106

[Abstract](34403) [FullText HTML](15587) [PDF 1561KB](15587)

The Serum Exosome Derived MicroRNA-135a, -193b, and-384 Were Potential Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers

YANG Ting Ting, LIU Chen Geng, GAO Shi Chao, ZHANG Yi, WANG Pei Chang

2018, 31(2): 87-96. doi: 10.3967/bes2018.011

[Abstract](29776) [FullText HTML](13341) [PDF 11333KB](13341)

Burden of Cirrhosis and Other Chronic Liver Diseases Caused by Specific Etiologies in China, 1990−2016: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

LI Man, WANG Zhuo Qun, ZHANG Lu, ZHENG Hao, LIU Dian Wu, ZHOU Mai Geng

2020, 33(1): 1-10. doi: 10.3967/bes2020.001

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2012, 25(3): 317-324. doi: 10.3967/0895-3988.2012.03.010

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Trends in Lipids Level and Dyslipidemia among Chinese Adults, 2002-2015

SONG Peng Kun, MAN Qing Qing, LI Hong, PANG Shao Jie, JIA Shan Shan, LI Yu Qian, HE Li, ZHAO Wen Hua, ZHANG Jian

2019, 32(8): 559-570. doi: 10.3967/bes2019.074

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Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China 2023: An Updated Summary

National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases The Writing Committee of the Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China

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Evidence on Invasion of Blood, Adipose Tissues, Nervous System and Reproductive System of Mice After a Single Oral Exposure: Nanoplastics versus Microplastics

YANG Zuo Sen, BAI Ying Long, JIN Cui Hong, NA Jun, ZHANG Rui, GAO Yuan, PAN Guo Wei, YAN Ling Jun, SUN Wei

2022, 35(11): 1025-1037. doi: 10.3967/bes2022.131

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Protein Requirements in Healthy Adults:A Meta-analysis of Nitrogen Balance Studies

LI Min, SUN Feng, PIAO Jian Hua, YANG Xiao Guang

2014, 27(8): 606-613. doi: 10.3967/bes2014.093

[Abstract](31305) [PDF 8784KB](15053)

TaqMan Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Detecting and Differentiating Japanese Encephalitis Virus

SHAO Nan, LI Fan, NIE Kai, FU Shi Hong, ZHANG Wei Jia, HE Ying, LEI Wen Wen, WANG Qian Ying, LIANG Guo Dong, CAO Yu Xi, WANG Huan Yu

2018, 31(3): 208-214. doi: 10.3967/bes2018.026

[Abstract](25516) [FullText HTML](12045) [PDF 4691KB](12045)

Application of Nanopore Sequencing Technology in the Clinical Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases

ZHANG Lu Lu, ZHANG Chi, PENG Jun Ping

2022, 35(5): 381-392. doi: 10.3967/bes2022.054

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Correlation between Anxiety, Depression, and Sleep Quality in College Students

ZHANG Yu Tong, HUANG Tao, ZHOU Fang, HUANG Ao Di, JI Xiao Qi, HE Lu, GENG Qiang, WANG Jia, MEI Can, XU Yu Jia, YANG Ze Long, ZHAN Jian Bo, CHENG Jing

2022, 35(7): 648-651. doi: 10.3967/bes2022.084

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Health Effect of Forest Bathing Trip on Elderly Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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2016, 29(3): 212-218. doi: 10.3967/bes2016.026

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2003, 16(3): 246-255.

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Metabolomic Profiling Differences among Asthma, COPD, and Healthy Subjects: A LC-MS-based Metabolomic Analysis

LIANG Ying, GAI Xiao Yan, CHANG Chun, ZHANG Xu, WANG Juan, LI Ting Ting

2019, 32(9): 659-672. doi: 10.3967/bes2019.085

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Evaluating the Nutritional Status of Oncology Patientsand Its Association with Quality of Life

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[Abstract](25352) [FullText HTML](11384) [PDF 31943KB](11384)

Validation of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) among Chinese Children

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[Abstract](5615) [PDF 323KB](2319)

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[Abstract](29342) [FullText HTML](14135) [PDF 2205KB](14135)

Supplementation of Fermented Barley Extracts with Lactobacillus Plantarum dy-1 Inhibits Obesity via a UCP1-dependent Mechanism