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2018, 31(2): 87-96.
doi: 10.3967/bes2018.011
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2003, 16(3): 246-255.
The causal agent for SARS is considered as a novel coronavirus that has never been described both in human and animals previously. The stability of SARS coronavirus in human specimens and in environments was studied. Methods Using a SARS coronavirus strain CoV-P9,which was isolated from pharyngeal swab of a probable SARS case in Beijing, its stability in mimic human specimens and in mimic environment including surfaces of commonly used materials or in household conditions, as well as its resistances to temperature and UV irradiation were analyzed. A total of 106 TCID50 viruses were placed in each tested condition, and changes of the viral infectivity in samples after treatments were measured by evaluating cytopathic effect (CPE) in cell line Vero-E6 at 48 h after infectionn. Results The results showed that SARS coronavirus in the testing condition could survive in serum, 1:20 diluted sputum and feces for at least 96 h, whereas it could remain alive in urine for at least 72 h with a low level of infectivity. The survival abilities on the surfaces of eight different materials and in water were quite comparable, revealing reduction of infectivity after 72 to 96 h exposure. Viruses stayed stable at 4℃, at room temperature (20℃) and at 37℃ for at least 2 h without remarkable change in the infectious ability in cells, but were convened to be non-infectious after 90-, 60- and 30-min exposure at 56℃, at 67℃ and at 75℃, respectively. Irradiation of UV for 60 min on the virus in culture medium resulted in the destruction of viral infectivity at an undetectable level. Conclusion The survival ability of SARS coronavirus in human specimens and in environments seems to be relatively strong. Heating and UV irradiation can efficiently eliminate the viral infectivity.
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2013, 26(11): 902-911.
doi: 10.3967/bes2013.019
Objective To explore the effects of resveratrol-induced apoptosis and autophagy in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells and potential molecular mechanisms.
Methods The anti-proliferation effect of resveratrol-induced, apoptosis and autophagy on T-ALL cells were detected by using MTT test, immunofluorescence, electronic microscope, and flow cytometry, respectively. Western blotting was performed for detecting changes of apoptosis-associated proteins, cell cycle regulatory proteins and state of activation of Akt, mTOR, p70S6K, 4E-BP1, and p38-MAPK.
Results Resveratrol inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis and autophagy in T-ALL cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. It also induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase via up regulating cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 and p27 and down regulating cyclin A and cyclin D1. Western blotting revealed that resveratrol significantly decreased the expression of antiapoptotic proteins (Mcl-1 and Bcl-2) and increased the expression of proapoptotic proteins (Bax, Bim, and Bad), and induced cleaved-caspase-3 in a time-dependent manner. Significant increase in ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin 1 was also detected. Furthermore, resveratrol induced significant dephosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, p70S6K, and 4E-BP1, but enhanced specific phosphorylation of p38-MAPK which could be blocked by SB203580. When autophagy was suppressed by 3-MA, apoptosis in T-ALL cells induced by resveratrol was enhanced.
Conclusion Our findings have suggested that resveratrol induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy in T-ALL cells through inhibiting Akt/mTOR/p70S6K/4E-BP1 and activating p38-MAPK signaling pathways. Autophagy might play a role as a self-defense mechanism in T-ALL cells treated by resveratrol. Therefore, the reasonable inhibition of autophagy in T-ALL cells may serve as a promising strategy for resveratrol induced apoptosis and can be used as adjuvant chemotherapy for T-ALL.
Methods The anti-proliferation effect of resveratrol-induced, apoptosis and autophagy on T-ALL cells were detected by using MTT test, immunofluorescence, electronic microscope, and flow cytometry, respectively. Western blotting was performed for detecting changes of apoptosis-associated proteins, cell cycle regulatory proteins and state of activation of Akt, mTOR, p70S6K, 4E-BP1, and p38-MAPK.
Results Resveratrol inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis and autophagy in T-ALL cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. It also induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase via up regulating cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 and p27 and down regulating cyclin A and cyclin D1. Western blotting revealed that resveratrol significantly decreased the expression of antiapoptotic proteins (Mcl-1 and Bcl-2) and increased the expression of proapoptotic proteins (Bax, Bim, and Bad), and induced cleaved-caspase-3 in a time-dependent manner. Significant increase in ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin 1 was also detected. Furthermore, resveratrol induced significant dephosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, p70S6K, and 4E-BP1, but enhanced specific phosphorylation of p38-MAPK which could be blocked by SB203580. When autophagy was suppressed by 3-MA, apoptosis in T-ALL cells induced by resveratrol was enhanced.
Conclusion Our findings have suggested that resveratrol induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy in T-ALL cells through inhibiting Akt/mTOR/p70S6K/4E-BP1 and activating p38-MAPK signaling pathways. Autophagy might play a role as a self-defense mechanism in T-ALL cells treated by resveratrol. Therefore, the reasonable inhibition of autophagy in T-ALL cells may serve as a promising strategy for resveratrol induced apoptosis and can be used as adjuvant chemotherapy for T-ALL.
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2019, 32(5): 324-333.
doi: 10.3967/bes2019.044
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2019, 32(9): 659-672.
doi: 10.3967/bes2019.085
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2012, 25(4): 413-420.
doi: 10.3967/0895-3988.2012.04.006
Objective This study estimated the investment in child development from three aspects-public health,public education,and family investment to establish the level of investment,to provide reference information for government decision making and to provide international comparisons.Methods Public investment in health was measured with macro data related to public health spending and child development in government expenditure.Public education investment was based on basic education data.Family investment evaluation was based on per capita family consumer spending data in different age groups to estimate the input for child development.Results Both public health investment level and the proportion of GDP rose for all age groups over time,but the overall investment level was still insufficient.Public investment in children's education has increased year by year,but the trends in all age groups are unbalanced with much lower investment in early childhood education.Private investment in children has increased over the period,but has declined as a percentage of GDP.International comparisons show that China's investment in child development is much lower than OECD countries.Conclusion The private investment in child development was the main way in China,with public finance contributing only a small proportion.Given the poor international comparisons,the government needs to review the balance of public investment to redirect more towards the development of children under the age of six to their health and education.
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2018, 31(9): 637-644.
doi: 10.3967/bes2018.088
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2012, 25(3): 251-256.
doi: 10.3967/0895-3988.2012.03.001
Major and profound changes have taken place in China over the past 30 years.Rapid socioeconomic progress has exerted a great impact on lifestyle,ranging from food,clothing,working and living conditions,and means of transportation to leisure activities and entertainment.At the same time,new health problems have emerged,and health services are facing new challenges.Presently,cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the top health problems of the Chinese people,and pose a serious challenge to all engaged in the prevention and control of these diseases.An epidemic of CVD in China is emerging as a result of lifestyle changes,urbanization and longevity.Both national policy decision-making and medical practice urgently need an authoritative report which comprehensively reflects the trends in the epidemic of CVD and current preventive measures.Since 2005,guided by the Bureau of Disease Prevention of the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China,nationwide experts in the fields of epidemiology,clinical medicine and health economics in the realms of CVD,cerebrovascular disease,diabetes and chronic kidney disease,completed the Report on Cardiovascular Diseases in China every year.The report aims to provide a timely review of the trend of the epidemic and to assess the progress of prevention and control of CVD.In addition,as the report is authoritative,representative and readable,it will become an information platform in the CVD field and an important reference book for government,academic institutes,medical organizations and clinical physicians.This publication is expected to play a positive role in the prevention and control of CVD in China.We present an abstract from the Report on Cardiovascular Diseases in China (2010),including trends in CVD,morbidity and mortality of major CVDs,up-to-date assessment of risk factors,as well as health resources for CVD,and a profile of medical expenditure,with the aim of providing evidence for decision-making in CVD prevention and control programs in China,and of delivering the most authoritative information on CVD prevention and control for all citizens.
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2019, 32(6): 438-445.
doi: 10.3967/bes2019.058
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2019, 32(12): 893-904.
doi: 10.3967/bes2019.112
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2002, 15(1): 83-96.
For prevention of obesity in Chinese population, it is necessary to define the optimal range of healthy weight and the appropriate cut-off points of BMI and waist circumference for Chinese adults. The Working Group on Obesity in China under the support of International Life Sciences Institute Focal point in China organized a meta-analysis on the relation between BMI, waist circumference and risk factors of related chronic diseases (e. g.,high diabetes, diabetes mellitus, and lipoprotein disorders). Methods 13 population studies in all met the criteria for enrollment, with data of 239 972 adults (20-70 year) surveyed in the 1990s. Data on waist circumference was available for 111411 persons and data on serum lipids and glucose were available for more than 80 000. The study populations located in 21provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in mainland China as well as in Taiwan. Each enrolled study provided data according to a common protocol and uniform format. The Center for data management in Department of Epidemiology, Fu Wai Hospital was responsible for statistical analysis. Results and conclusion The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and clustering of risk factors all increased with increasing levels of BMI or waist circumference. BMI at 24 with best sensitivity and specificity for identification of the risk factors, was recommended as the cut-off point for overweight, BMI at 28 which may identify the risk factors with specificity around 90 % was recommended as the cut-off point for obesity. Waist circumference beyond 85 cm for men and beyond 80 cm for women were recommended as the cut-off points for central obesity.Analysis of population attributable risk percent illustrated that reducing BMI to normal range (＜24) could prevent 45%-50% clustering of risk factors. Treatment of obese persons (BMI ≥ 28)with drugs could prevent 15%-17% clustering of risk factors. The waist circumference controlled under 85 cm for men and under 80 cm for women, could prevent 47%-58% clustering of risk factors. According to these, a classification of overweight and obesity for Chinese adults is recommended.
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2010, 23(5): 341-349.
Objective Western blotting (WB; immunoblotting) is a widely used tool for the serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis (LB), but so far, no generally accepted criteria for its performance and interpretation have been established in China. The present study was designed to determine the criteria for standardized Western blot for the predominant species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in China, in which WB was produced with strain PD91 as the representative strain attributed to predominant genospecies Borrelia garinii of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Methods Approximately 13 bands between 14 and 100 kD were differentiated for strain PD91 by using Gel-Pro analysis software. In a study with 631 serum samples (taken from 127 patients with Lyme borreliosis and 504 controls), all observed bands were documented. To establish criteria for a positive WB result for strain PD91, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used. Results The following interpretation criteria were recommended: for IgG, at least one band of P83/100, P58, P39, P30, OspC, P17, P66, and OspA; for IgM, at least one band of P83/100, P58, OspA, P30, OspC, P17 or P41. In addition, syphilis, leptospirosis and other related diseases should be excluded when the positive band is P41 in IgM. For IgG criteria, the sensitivity is 73.2%, the specificity is 99.4% and Youden index is 0.726; for IgM criteria, the sensitivity is 50.6%, the specificity is 93.1% and Youden index is 0.437. Conclusion Standardization of WB assays is necessary for comparison of results from different laboratories. Moreover, the criteria of other genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato should be determined in the future to complete the criteria of WB for the diagnosis of the Lyme disease in China.
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2019, 32(8): 578-591.
doi: 10.3967/bes2019.076
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2019, 32(10): 739-754.
doi: 10.3967/bes2019.094
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2017, 30(5): 384-389.
doi: 10.3967/bes2017.051
China has a double burden of diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis, and many studies have been carried out on the mutual impact of these two diseases. This paper systematically reviewed studies conducted in China covering the mutual impact of epidemics of diabetes and tuberculosis, the impact of diabetes on multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and on the tuberculosis clinical manifestation and treatment outcome, the yields of bi-directional screening, and economic evaluation for tuberculosis screening among diabetes patients.
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2020, 33(1): 1-10.
doi: 10.3967/bes2020.001
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2012, 25(2): 125-132.
doi: 10.3967/0895-3988.2012.02.001
Objective To explore the associations between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and obesity as well as obesity-related cardiometabolic disorders among children in China.Methods A total of 6974 (boys 3558,girls 3412) children aged 6-13 years participated in the study.Each partcipant's height,weight,waist circumference,fasting glucose,triglycerides,total cholesterol,highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol,and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured.The type of beverage consumption was determined using a self-administered questionnaire.Results SSBs were consumed regularly by 46.1％ of the children.The prevalence [adjusted odds ratio (95％ confidence internal (CI)] of obesity was 7.6％ [as the reference group (ref.)],10.1％ [1.36(1.07,1.74)],and 11.6％ [1.46(1.21,1.75)],among children who regularly drank milk,other beverages and SSBs,respectively.Regularly drinking SSBs elevated the likelihood of abdominal obesity [adjusted odds ratio (95％ CI):1.36 (1.17,1.59)].The prevalence [adjusted odds ratio (95％ CI)] of obesity among children who regularly drank sports/caloric beverages,carbonated beverages,sweet tea,and plant protein beverages was 16.8％ [2.00(1.31,3.07)],12.7％ [1.52(1.23,1.88)],11.5％ [1.52(1.18,1.95)],and 10.4％ [1.41(1.03,1.94)],respectively,which was higher than that of regular milk drinkers [7.6 ％ (ref.)].The prevalence [adjusted odds ratio (95％ CI)] of abdominal obesity among children who regularly drank sweet tea,fruit/vegetable juices,and carbonated beverages was 17.7％ [1.55(1.26,1.90)],16.2％[1.36(1.09,1.70)],and 15.3％ [1.24(1.03,1.50)],respectively,which was much higher than that of regular milk drinkers [12.8％ (ref.)].Conclusions Regular SSB consumption was positively related to obesity and abdominal obesity.This relationship should be investigated further using a longitudinal study design.
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