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A total of 47 patients were enrolled in the study, among which 10 (21.28%) were female and 36 (78.72%) were male. The average age of the enrolled patients was 62 ± 0.41 years (range: 44 to 73 years). Thirty-two (68.1%) patients were diagnosed with hypertension, 16 (34.0%) with diabetes, 12 (25.5%) with heart disease, and 8 (17.0%) with hyperlipidemia. Twenty-eight patients (59.6%) had a history of cerebral infarction, 22 (46.8%) had a history of alcohol drinking, and 27 (57.4%) had a history of smoking. Seventeen (36.2%) patients had completed education above high school.
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To determine the impact of the potency of the Willis circle on cognition, a total of 40 patients underwent intracranial CTA examination, and 19 (40.4%) of them showed a potent Willis circle. Considering that the degree of stenosis may influence cognitive function, patients were categorized as having severe stenosis (carotid stenosis > 70%) or occlusion (carotid stenosis ≥ 99%). Thirty-nine (83.98%) patients were found to have severe stenosis and 8 (16.02%) had carotid occlusion. A total of 39 patients underwent CTP examination to assess intracranial perfusion. Results showed that 8 (20.51%) patients had normal CTP, and the other 31 (79.49%) patients showed abnormal intracranial perfusion. Thirty-six patients underwent contrast-enhanced ultrasonography to determine vulnerable plaques, and 25 (72.22%) patients were found to have vulnerable plaques. The characters of plaques were analyzed using high-resolution MRI, and 7 (36.84%) of 19 patients showed ulceration in their carotid plaques.
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A total of 47 patients agreed to undergo cognitive function assessment. Results of the MMSE showed that 22 people (46.8%) had cognitive impairment. MoCA test results showed that 10 people (21.3%) had an impaired cognitive function (Figure 1). The WMS test showed that 1, 2, and 9 patients had severe, moderate, and mild memory impairment, respectively (Figure 2). We conducted an independent-sample t-test to evaluate the relationships between various risk factors and each test score. We found that the average memory quotient of females was 81.70, significantly higher than that of males (P = 0.024). Cognitive and memory performance was significantly better in patients with a higher vs. a lower educational background (P = 0.045). The MMSE scores of patients with abnormal intracranial perfusion were worse (P = 0.024) than those of patients with normal perfusion. Patients with abnormal blood perfusion scored an average of 76.97 on the WMS, significantly lower than those with normal perfusion, who scored an average of 92.25 (P = 0.007). Patients with a history of brain infarction also obtained a lower score on the MMSE (P = 0.047) and WMS (P = 0.018). As for other potential risk factors, no significant relation was found between any of the factors and the decreased score (Table 1). Moreover, no statistical significance was found when the above risk factors were analyzed via binary logistic regression analysis. In an analysis of the relationship between risk factors and cognitive impairment by Pearson correlation analysis, cerebral hypoperfusion was found to be a risk factor by MoCA (P = 0.015) and a history of infarction was a risk factor for memory impairment (P = 0.031) (Table 2).
Figure 1. The general cognitive function of patients in this study. The MMSE results showed that 22 people (46.8%) had cognitive impairment. The MoCA test results showed that 10 people (21.3%) had impaired cognitive function.
Figure 2. Results of WMS in 47 patients with CAS. One patient had severe memory impairment, 2 had moderate memory impairment, 9 had mild memory impairment, 8 were in a borderline condition, 12 had subnormal and 15 had normal memory.
Table 1. Analysis of Risk Factors and Different Cognitive Assessment Score by t-test
Item MoCA MMSE WMS n Score P n Score P n Score P Gender male 37 20.81 0.851 37 23.78 0.116 37 79.30 0.024 female 10 18.60 10 26.90 10 81.70 Age, years ≥ 55 37 20.19 0.538 37 24.86 0.930 37 78.81 0.178 < 55 10 22.80 10 24.70 10 82.40 Education ≥ high school 17 23.18 0.178 17 25.86 0.002 17 88.88 0.045 < high school 30 18.73 30 21.94 30 74.67 Side unilateral 25 20.52 0.765 25 24.44 0.586 25 78.32 0.575 bilateral 22 21.00 22 25.27 22 81.00 Unilateral side left 11 20.00 0.559 11 24.55 0.719 11 75.27 0.912 right 14 20.93 14 24.36 14 80.71 Symptom N 17 21.24 0.448 17 24.64 0.871 17 83.29 0.264 Y 30 19.83 30 24.33 30 77.83 Ulcerated plagues N 12 22.25 0.851 12 25.33 0.116 12 83.50 0.342 Y 7 24.43 7 26.49 7 84.29 Vulnerable plagues N 11 20.00 0.814 11 23.63 0.511 11 75.00 0.904 Y 25 20.64 25 24.04 25 80.88 Willis circle close 21 21.24 0.889 21 25.43 0.646 21 81.00 0.964 open 19 21.00 19 24.68 19 80.79 Cerebral perfusion normal 8 24.88 0.024 8 24.38 0.868 8 92.25 0.007 abnormal 31 20.13 31 24.74 31 76.97 Degree of stenosis severe 39 20.26 0.103 39 79.64 0.951 39 24.15 0.322 occlusion 8 20.75 8 80.63 8 25.86 Hypertension N 15 20.53 0.857 15 25.80 0.383 15 81.47 0.587 Y 32 20.84 32 24.38 32 78.69 Diabetes N 31 21.39 0.261 31 24.87 0.940 31 82.94 0.450 Y 16 19.50 16 24.75 16 73.06 Hyperlipemia N 39 21.21 0.200 39 25.13 0.386 39 79.54 0.973 Y 8 18.50 8 23.38 8 79.75 History of infarction N 19 22.63 0.047 19 25.32 0.600 19 86.21 0.018 Y 28 19.46 28 24.50 28 75.07 Alcohol N 25 21.64 0.230 25 24.12 0.319 25 82.20 0.238 Y 22 19.73 22 25.64 22 76.59 Smoking N 20 20.55 0.834 20 23.55 0.145 20 83.40 0.163 Y 27 20.89 27 25.78 27 76.74 Note.N, No; Y, Yes. Table 2. Relation between Risk Factors and Cognitive Impairment according to Pearson Correlation
Item MoCA MMSE WMS Coefficient P Coefficient P Coefficient P Female 0.208 0.160 -0.860 0.567 0.108 0.472 Age 0.172 0.246 -0.175 0.239 0.089 0.552 High education -0.169 0.257 0.262 0.075 0.267 0.069 Bilateral stenosis -0.135 0.365 -0.060 0.689 -0.008 0.957 Symptomatic 0.141 0.345 0.138 0.355 0.096 0.522 Ulcerated plagues -0.321 0.180 0.012 0.962 -0.031 0.898 Vulnerable plagues -0.072 0.678 0.069 0.688 0.007 0.965 Willis circle closing -0.087 0.889 -0.150 0.355 0.087 0.594 Cerebral hypoperfusion 0.387 0.015 -0.088 0.593 0.298 0.065 Carotid occlusion 0.006 0.971 -0.029 0.847 -0.027 0.857 Hypertension -0.192 0.197 0.090 0.550 0.015 0.919 Diabetes 0.112 0.455 -0.046 0.759 0.258 0.079 Hyperlipemia 0.135 0.364 -0.142 0.340 -0.027 0.857 History of infarction 0.214 0.149 0.270 0.067 0.316 0.031 Alcohol 0.060 0.687 -0.145 0.329 0.278 0.059 Smoking -0.100 0.944 -0.117 0.432 0.147 0.323 -
Considering that patients with a history of cerebral infarction and abnormal intracranial perfusion had a lower scores on the WMS, we analyzed the subgroup scoring of the WMS to determine the influence of abnormal perfusion and infarction on specific memory domains. We found that patients with a history of cerebral infarction had a significantly lower score than those with no history of cerebral infarction (P = 0.044). In subtests including associative learning, free recall of a picture, recognition of meaningless figures, and portrait character association retrieval, patients with no history of infarction performed better, but no statistical difference was found. Also, patients with intracranial perfusion abnormalities experienced a significant decrease in directed memory compared with those with normal perfusion (P = 0.003). Also, patients with normal cerebral perfusion had a significantly higher score on recognition of meaningless figures (P = 0.012). Patients with normal cerebral perfusion obtained higher scores on other subtests; however, no significant difference was found. The scoring distribution is shown in Table 3.
Table 3. WMS Subgroup Score Based on History of Infarction and Cerebral Perfusion
Item History of Infarction Cerebral Perfusion Yes
(n = 19)No
(n = 28)P Abnormal
(n = 31)Normal
(n = 8)P Directed memory 10.00 13.53 0.044 10.03 16.25 0.003 Associative learning 11.86 11.89 0.979 12.03 14.25 0.215 Free recall of picture 12.21 14.37 0.185 12.97 16.25 0.113 Recognition of meaningless figures 15.46 18.37 0.152 16.13 20.38 0.012 Portrait character association retrieval 12.75 15.74 0.082 13.29 16.38 0.163
doi: 10.3967/bes2018.107
An Integrated Analysis of Risk Factors of Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Severe Carotid Artery Stenosis
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Abstract:
Objective To investigate cognitive dysfunction in patients with carotid artery stenosis (CAS) and potential risk factors related to cognitive-especially memory-dysfunction. Methods Forty-seven patients with carotid artery stenosis were recruited into our study cohort. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were adopted to assess cognitive function, the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) to assess memory function, high-resolution MRI and enhanced ultrasound to evaluate carotid plaques, and computed tomography perfusion (CTP) imaging to evaluate intracranial blood perfusion. Single-factor analysis and multiple-factor regression analysis were used to analyze potential risk factors of cognitive impairment. Results Mini-Mental State Examination test results showed that 22 patients had cognitive impairment, and MoCA test results showed that 10 patients had cognitive impairment. Analysis of various risk factors indicated that the average memory quotient of female patients was higher than that of males (P=0.024). The cognitive and memory performance of those with an educational background above high school were significantly better than those of participants with high school or lower (P=0.045). Patients with abnormal intracranial perfusion performed worse on the MMSE test (P=0.024), and their WMS scores were significantly lower (P=0.007). The MMSE scores and the memory quotients were significantly lower in patients with a history of cerebral infarction (MMSE, P=0.047, memory quotient score, P=0.018). Conclusion A history of cerebral infarction and abnormal cerebral perfusion are associated with decline in overall cognitive function and memory in patients with carotid stenosis. Being female and having an educational background above high school may be protective factors in the development of cognitive dysfunction. -
Key words:
- Carotid artery stenosis /
- Cognitive impairment /
- Memory
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Table 1. Analysis of Risk Factors and Different Cognitive Assessment Score by t-test
Item MoCA MMSE WMS n Score P n Score P n Score P Gender male 37 20.81 0.851 37 23.78 0.116 37 79.30 0.024 female 10 18.60 10 26.90 10 81.70 Age, years ≥ 55 37 20.19 0.538 37 24.86 0.930 37 78.81 0.178 < 55 10 22.80 10 24.70 10 82.40 Education ≥ high school 17 23.18 0.178 17 25.86 0.002 17 88.88 0.045 < high school 30 18.73 30 21.94 30 74.67 Side unilateral 25 20.52 0.765 25 24.44 0.586 25 78.32 0.575 bilateral 22 21.00 22 25.27 22 81.00 Unilateral side left 11 20.00 0.559 11 24.55 0.719 11 75.27 0.912 right 14 20.93 14 24.36 14 80.71 Symptom N 17 21.24 0.448 17 24.64 0.871 17 83.29 0.264 Y 30 19.83 30 24.33 30 77.83 Ulcerated plagues N 12 22.25 0.851 12 25.33 0.116 12 83.50 0.342 Y 7 24.43 7 26.49 7 84.29 Vulnerable plagues N 11 20.00 0.814 11 23.63 0.511 11 75.00 0.904 Y 25 20.64 25 24.04 25 80.88 Willis circle close 21 21.24 0.889 21 25.43 0.646 21 81.00 0.964 open 19 21.00 19 24.68 19 80.79 Cerebral perfusion normal 8 24.88 0.024 8 24.38 0.868 8 92.25 0.007 abnormal 31 20.13 31 24.74 31 76.97 Degree of stenosis severe 39 20.26 0.103 39 79.64 0.951 39 24.15 0.322 occlusion 8 20.75 8 80.63 8 25.86 Hypertension N 15 20.53 0.857 15 25.80 0.383 15 81.47 0.587 Y 32 20.84 32 24.38 32 78.69 Diabetes N 31 21.39 0.261 31 24.87 0.940 31 82.94 0.450 Y 16 19.50 16 24.75 16 73.06 Hyperlipemia N 39 21.21 0.200 39 25.13 0.386 39 79.54 0.973 Y 8 18.50 8 23.38 8 79.75 History of infarction N 19 22.63 0.047 19 25.32 0.600 19 86.21 0.018 Y 28 19.46 28 24.50 28 75.07 Alcohol N 25 21.64 0.230 25 24.12 0.319 25 82.20 0.238 Y 22 19.73 22 25.64 22 76.59 Smoking N 20 20.55 0.834 20 23.55 0.145 20 83.40 0.163 Y 27 20.89 27 25.78 27 76.74 Note.N, No; Y, Yes. Table 2. Relation between Risk Factors and Cognitive Impairment according to Pearson Correlation
Item MoCA MMSE WMS Coefficient P Coefficient P Coefficient P Female 0.208 0.160 -0.860 0.567 0.108 0.472 Age 0.172 0.246 -0.175 0.239 0.089 0.552 High education -0.169 0.257 0.262 0.075 0.267 0.069 Bilateral stenosis -0.135 0.365 -0.060 0.689 -0.008 0.957 Symptomatic 0.141 0.345 0.138 0.355 0.096 0.522 Ulcerated plagues -0.321 0.180 0.012 0.962 -0.031 0.898 Vulnerable plagues -0.072 0.678 0.069 0.688 0.007 0.965 Willis circle closing -0.087 0.889 -0.150 0.355 0.087 0.594 Cerebral hypoperfusion 0.387 0.015 -0.088 0.593 0.298 0.065 Carotid occlusion 0.006 0.971 -0.029 0.847 -0.027 0.857 Hypertension -0.192 0.197 0.090 0.550 0.015 0.919 Diabetes 0.112 0.455 -0.046 0.759 0.258 0.079 Hyperlipemia 0.135 0.364 -0.142 0.340 -0.027 0.857 History of infarction 0.214 0.149 0.270 0.067 0.316 0.031 Alcohol 0.060 0.687 -0.145 0.329 0.278 0.059 Smoking -0.100 0.944 -0.117 0.432 0.147 0.323 Table 3. WMS Subgroup Score Based on History of Infarction and Cerebral Perfusion
Item History of Infarction Cerebral Perfusion Yes
(n = 19)No
(n = 28)P Abnormal
(n = 31)Normal
(n = 8)P Directed memory 10.00 13.53 0.044 10.03 16.25 0.003 Associative learning 11.86 11.89 0.979 12.03 14.25 0.215 Free recall of picture 12.21 14.37 0.185 12.97 16.25 0.113 Recognition of meaningless figures 15.46 18.37 0.152 16.13 20.38 0.012 Portrait character association retrieval 12.75 15.74 0.082 13.29 16.38 0.163 -
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