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The characteristics of the study population according to CAD were shown in Table 1. A total of 1, 980 patients were recruited including 1,162 patients with CAD (58.7%) and 818 patients without CAD (41.3%) determined by CAG. The average age of the patients with and without CAD was 58 ± 10 and 53 ± 11 years old respectively. There were more men diagnosed with CAD than non-CAD group (69.5% vs. 48.9%, P < 0.001). Patients with CAD had significantly higher prevalence of HT, DM, current smokers, and alcohol drinkers. What's more, the mean level of Lp(a), LDL-C, non-HDL-C, apoB, and glucose were significantly higher and levels of HDL-C, apoA were significantly lower in the group of patients with CAD compared to non-CAD group (all P < 0.05).
Variables Overall
n = 1,980Non-CAD
n = 818CAD
n = 1,162P-value Age, year 56 ± 11 53 ± 11 58 ± 10 < 0.001 Men, n (%) 1, 208 (61%) 400 (48.9%) 808 (69.5%) < 0.001 HT, n (%) 1, 097 (55.4%) 343 (41.9%) 754 (64.9%) < 0.001 DM, n (%) 378 (19.1%) 84 (10.3%) 294 (25.3%) < 0.001 Current smoking, n (%) 616 (31.1%) 196 (24%) 420 (36.1%) < 0.001 Alcohol drinker, n (%) 355 (17.9%) 116 (14.2%) 239 (20.6%) < 0.001 Family history of CVD, n (%) 446 (22.5%) 167 (20.4%) 279 (24%) 0.059 Glucose, mmol/L 5.59 ± 1.52 5.26 ± 1.19 5.82 ± 1.68 < 0.001 BMI, kg/(m2) 25.68 ± 3.47 25.36 ± 3.62 25.90 ± 3.35 0.001 TC, mmol/L 4.83 ± 0.98 4.79 ± 1.00 4.85 ± 0.96 0.139 HDL-C, mmol/L 1.10 ± 0.33 1.13 ± 0.36 1.09 ± 0.31 0.017 LDL-C, mmol/L 3.15 ± 0.89 3.07 ± 0.91 3.20 ± 0.87 0.001 Non-HDL-C, mmol/L 3.72 ± 0.93 3.66 ± 0.94 3.77 ± 0.92 0.015 Apo A, g/L 1.35 ± 0.29 1.37 ± 0.30 1.33 ± 0.29 0.002 Apo B, g/L 1.03 ± 0.25 1.00 ± 0.25 1.05 ± 0.25 < 0.001 TG, mmol/L 1.57 (1.15-2.27) 1.53 (1.12-2.21) 1.61 (1.16-2.30) 0.184 Lp(a), mg/L 121.02 (58.75-279.67) 110.59 (56.60-254.40) 129.95 (60.60-295.70) 0.037 Note. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median (25th-75th percentile) or n (%). Bold values indicate statistical significance. CAD: coronary artery disease; HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: HDL cholesterol; LDL-C: LDL cholesterol; non-HDL-C: non-HDL cholesterol; Apo A: apolipoprotein A; Apo B: apolipoprotein B; TG: Triglyceride; Lp(a): Lipoprotein (a). Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Study Population
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Patients with CAD had significantly higher level of Lp(a) than those without CAD (P = 0.037). Further, patients with CAD (n = 1,162) were divided in to three groups according to GS tertiles (Table 2). The Lp(a) concentration was highest in the third tertile of GS. On the other hand, when the study subjects were classified into three groups according to Lp(a) tertiles (Table 3), we found that patients with highest tertile of Lp(a) [Lp(a) ≥ 205.7 mg/L] also had the highest GS. In addition, the group of the highest tertile of Lp(a) showed more prevalence of CAD, current smoking and higher level of TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and ApoB. Univariate and Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to explore the association of Lp(a) and CAD as shown in Figure 1. After adjustment, patients with Lp(a) ≥ 205.7 mg/L had 1.437 (95% CI: 1.108-1.865, P = 0.006) and 1.480 (95% CI: 1.090-2.009, P = 0.012) fold of risk for presence and severity of CAD respectively comparing with the lowest tertile.
Variables T1 T2 T3 P-value GS < 14 GS 14-38 GS ≥ 38 Age, year 58 ± 10 58 ± 10 59 ± 10 0.541 Men, n (%) 235 (60.3%) 276 (71.7%) 297 (76.7%) < 0.001 HT, n (%) 246 (63.1%) 251 (65.2%) 257 (66.4%) 0.616 DM, n (%) 74 (19%) 98 (25.5%) 122 (31.5%) < 0.001 Current smoking, n (%) 126 (32.3%) 140 (36.4%) 154 (39.8%) 0.008 Alcohol drinker, n(%) 83 (21.3%) 78 (20.3%) 78 (20.2%) 0.912 Family history of CVD, n (%) 87 (22.3%) 102 (26.5%) 90 (23.3%) 0.360 Glucose, mmol/L 5.69 ± 1.45 5.80 ± 1.74 5.98 ± 1.82 0.054 BMI, kg/(m2) 25.81 ± 3.26 25.83 ± 3.62 26.06 ± 3.17 0.540 TC, mmol/L 4.91 ± 0.90 4.79 ± 1.01 4.86 ± 0.96 0.201 HDL-C, mmol/L 1.15 ± 0.35** 1.07 ± 0.28 1.04 ± 0.29 < 0.001 LDL-C, mmol/L 3.21 ± 0.79 3.13 ± 0.91 3.27 ± 0.90 0.084 Non-HDL-C, mmol/L 3.76 ± 0.85 3.72 ± 0.97 3.82 ± 0.92 0.256 Apo A, g/L 1.39 ± 0.30** 1.32 ± 0.28 1.29 ± 0.26 < 0.001 Apo B, g/L 1.06 ± 0.25 1.04 ± 0.26 1.06 ± 0.25 0.298 TG, mmol/L 1.54 (1.10-2.23) 1.59 (1.19-2.26) 1.67 (1.23-2.35) 0.146 Lp(a), mg/L 118.32 (56.51-260.60)* 133.58 (60.01-280.90) 144.54 (66.90-355.46) 0.042 Note. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median (25th-75th percentile) or n (%). Bold values indicate statistical significance. CAD: coronary artery disease; HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: HDL cholesterol; LDL-C: LDL cholesterol; non-HDL-C: non-HDL cholesterol; Apo A: apolipoprotein A; Apo B: apolipoprotein B; TG: Triglyceride; Lp(a): Lipoprotein (a).*P < 0.05 vs. T3, **P < 0.05 vs. T2 and T3. Table 2. Clinical Characteristics According to Gensini Score Tertiles in Patients with CAD
Variables T1 T2 T3 P-value < 75.7 mg/L 75.7-205.7 mg/L ≥ 205.7 mg/L Age, year 55 ± 10** 57 ± 11 56 ± 11 < 0.001 Men, n (%) 440 (66.7%) 388 (58.8%) 380 (57.6%) 0.001 CAD, n (%) 366 (55.5%) 381 (57.7%) 415 (62.9%) 0.019 HT, n (%) 375 (56.8%) 351 (53.2%) 371 (56.2%) 0.363 DM, n (%) 125 (18.9%) 126 (19.1%) 127 (19.2%) 0.990 Current smoking, n (%) 237 (35.9%) 191 (28.9%) 188 (28.5%) 0.008 Alcohol drinker, n (%) 130 (19.7%) 119 (18.0%) 106 (16.1%) 0.226 Family history of CVD, n (%) 149 (22.6%) 147 (22.3%) 150 (22.7%) 0.980 Glucose, mmol/L 5.67 ± 1.66 5.59 ± 1.41 5.52 ± 1.48 0.224 BMI, kg/(m2) 26.00 ± 3.48* 25.79 ± 3.57* 25.24 ± 3.32 < 0.001 TC, mmol/L 4.66 ± 0.95** 4.83 ± 0.98* 4.99 ± 0.98 < 0.001 HDL-C, mmol/L 1.07 ± 0.31* 1.09 ± 0.30* 1.15 ± 0.38 < 0.001 LDL-C, mmol/L 2.93 ± 0.85** 3.18 ± 0.88* 3.33 ± 0.89 < 0.001 Non-HDL-C, mmol/L 3.60 ± 0.91** 3.74 ± 0.92 3.83 ± 0.93 < 0.001 Apo A, g/L 1.33 ± 0.28 1.35 ± 0.28 1.36 ± 0.31 0.153 Apo B, g/L 0.98 ± 0.25** 1.03 ± 0.25* 1.08 ± 0.26 < 0.001 TG, mmol/L 1.71 (1.19-2.60)** 1.57 (1.17-2.21)* 1.48 (1.09-2.06) < 0.001 GS 8.00 (0.00-26.00)* 8.00 (0.00-30.00)* 12.50 (0.00-38.00) 0.001 Note. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median (25th-75th percentile) or n (%). Bold values indicate statistical significance. CAD: coronary artery disease; HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: HDL cholesterol; LDL-C: LDL cholesterol; non-HDL-C: non-HDL cholesterol; Apo A: apolipoprotein A; Apo B: apolipoprotein B; TG: Triglyceride; Lp(a): Lipoprotein (a); GS: gensini score. *P < 0.05 vs. T3, **P < 0.05 vs. T2 and T3. Table 3. Clinical Characteristics According to Lp(a) Tertiles of all Patients
Figure 1. Analysis of Lp(a) as a risk factor for CAD (A, B) and high GS (C, D). Univariate (A, C) and multivariate (B, D) logistic regression analyses were used. Bold values indicate statistical significance. CAD: coronary artery disease; GS: gensini score; HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; HDL-C: HDL cholesterol; LDL-C: LDL cholesterol; Lp(a): Lipoprotein (a).
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Although there was significantly increasing level of LDL-C according to Lp(a) tertiles, there was no high correlation of LDL-C with Lp(a) in patients with CAD (r = 0.18, P < 0.001). Taking 3.36 mmol/L and 2.31 [Lp(a) ≥ 205.7 mg/L] as cut-off value of LDL-C and log Lp(a), the scatterplots showed that the distribution of Lp(a) and LDL-C was not well concordant (Figure 2). Only 15.6% of patients and 41.5% patients showed concomitantly high and low level of Lp(a) and LDL-C respectively, while 42.9% patients with discordant levels. So we explored the influence of the four subgroups on the presence and severity of CAD (Table 4). Compared with the patients with both low level of LDL-C and Lp(a), patients with sole high LDL-C, sole high Lp(a) and both high level of LDL-C and Lp(a) had gradually increasing risk for CAD (OR = 1.398, OR = 1.558, and OR = 1.845, respectively, all P < 0.005). However, the predictive value of LDL-C and Lp(a) was slightly different with high GS. The subgroups with sole high Lp(a) and both high level of LDL-C and Lp(a) had significantly increased risk for high GS (OR= 1.563, OR= 1.736, respectively, all P < 0.005). In any case, patients with both high level of LDL-C and Lp(a) had the highest risk for presence and severity of CAD.
Figure 2. Distribution of Lp(a) and LDL-C in patients with CAD. Lp(a) is logarithmically transformed before analysis. Cut-off value of LDL-C and log Lp(a) was 3.36 mmol/L and 2.31 [Lp(a) 205.7 mg/L] respectively.
Models Low LDL-C + low Lp(a) High LDL-C + low Lp(a) Low LDL-C + High Lp(a) High LDL-C + High Lp(a) CAD Model 1 OR 1 (reference) 1.200 (0.952-1.513) 1.353 (1.056-1.734) 1.419 (1.077-1.869) P 0.122 0.017 0.013 Model 2 OR 1 (reference) 1.372 (1.071-1.758) 1.467 (1.123-1.917) 1.672 (1.244-2.249) P 0.012 0.005 0.001 Model 3 OR 1 (reference) 1.398 (1.070-1.827) 1.558 (1.163-2.088) 1.845 (1.339-2.541) P 0.014 0.003 < 0.001 High GS Model 1 OR 1 (reference) 1.167 (0.846-1.610) 1.415 (1.018-1.965) 1.380 (0.963-1.976) P 0.347 0.039 0.079 Model 2 OR 1 (reference) 1.290 (0.930-1.790) 1.484 (1.064-2.071) 1.519 (1.054-2.189) P 0.127 0.020 0.025 Model 3 OR 1 (reference) 1.360 (0.967-1.915) 1.563 (1.103-2.215) 1.736 (1.188-2.538) P 0.077 0.012 0.004 Note. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used. Bold values indicate statistical significance. Model 1: unadjusted; Model 2: Age- and sex-adjusted; Model 3: fully adjusted for age, male, HT, DM, smoke, drink, HDL-C, BMI and family history of CAD. CAD: coronary artery disease; Lp(a): Lipoprotein (a); LDL-C: LDL cholesterol; GS: gensini score. The cut-off value of Lp(a) and LDL-C were 205.7 mg/L and 3.36 mmol/L, respectively. Table 4. Predictive Value of Combination of Lp(a) and LDL-C for CAD and High GS