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Body weight changes are shown in Figure 1. Rats in the NS control group showed a steady gain in body weight throughout the test period. However, when exposed to 50 mg/kg ACR, a significant reduction in body weight was observed at the end of the test compared with both the NS control group and 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group (P < 0.05). No significant difference in body weight was found between rats in the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group and the NS control group (P > 0.05).
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Abnormal posture of the foot or leg, distorted gait, foot dragging, and muscle weakness were observed in the ACR treatment groups, and typical abnormal gaits were analyzed as shown in Figure 2. Rats in the 30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg ACR groups showed a significant increase in gait scores compared with the NS control group at the end of the test (P < 0.05). Gait scores of rats treated with 50 mg/kg ACR were increased significantly compared with the control (NS) group and the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group at the end of the test (P < 0.05). The high incidence of neurological abnormalities observed in rats treated with ACR (50 mg/kg) was more prominent than that of the 30 mg/kg ACR-treated group and the NS control group at the two evaluations (day 7 and 11).
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Ultra-structural analysis of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum tissues showed clear CNS neuropathy (Figures 3 and 4). 50 mg/kg ACR exposure led to widened pericellular spaces of the cortical neurons, cortical neuron basophilic chromatin enhancement, widened pericellular spaces of the Purkinje cells, irregular shape and loss of Purkinje cells, neuronal contraction, nuclear membrane intro cession, glial cell edema, blood brain barrier (BBB) structural damage, mitochondrial damage, depolymerization of polyribosomes and the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus dilation in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum.
Figure 3. Histological examination using H & E staining for the NS control group and the ACR (50 mg/kg) treatment group. Typical morphological changes of cerebral cortex (A) and cerebellum (B) were photographed. 1-2: magnification 200×, 3-4: magnification 400 ×. A1, A3, B1, B3: NS control group, A2, A4, B2, B4: 50 mg/kg ACR treatment group. Typical pathological changes are noted by arrowheads: widened pericellular spaces of the cortical neurons, cortical neuron basophilic chromatin enhancement, widened pericellular spaces of the Purkinje cells, and irregular shape and loss of Purkinje cells.
Figure 4. Ultra-structural analysis by electron microscopy for the NS control group and the ACR (50 mg/kg) treatment group. Typical morphological changes of the cerebral cortex (1, 2) and the cerebellum (3, 4) were photographed. 1, 3: NS control group, 2, 4: 50 mg/kg ACR treatment group. (A) Neurons, (B) Blood brain barrier (BBB), (C) itochondria and polyribosomes, (D) golgi apparatus, (E) glial cell, (F) rough endoplasmic reticulum. Clear pathological changes are noted by red arrowheads: A2, A4: neuron contraction, nuclear membrane introcession; B2, B4: BBB structural damage; C2, C4: mitochondrial damage, depolymerization of polyribosomes; D2, D4: golgi apparatus dilation; E2: glial cell edema; F4: rough endoplasmic reticulum dilation.
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Changes in the number of synapses in the CNS are shown in Figure 5. The number of synapses in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of rats treated with 30 mg/kg ACR was decreased significantly compared with the NS control group at the end of the test (P < 0.05), and the number of synapses in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of rats treated with 50 mg/kg ACR was decreased significantly compared with both the NS control group and 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group at the end of the test (P < 0.05).
Figure 5. Changes in the number of synapses in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. (A) Number of synapses in the cerebral cortex. (B) Number of synapses in the cerebellum. Data are expressed as x±s. #Significant difference compared with control, P < 0.05. *Significant difference compared with the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group, P < 0.05.
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The center of each vesicle was marked using Image Tool software. The AZD was defined as the shortest distance between the center of the vesicles to the active zone (Figure 6). The NND was defined as the distance between the center points of the nearest two vesicles as determined by LoClust software (Figure 6). The scatter plot and box plot of the synaptic vesicles in the cerebral cortex (Figure 7) and cerebellum (Figure 8) show that the distribution of synaptic vesicles in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of rats was more dispersed with increasing concentration of ACR. The interquartile range of AZD and the maximum and median of AZD and NND increased with increasing ACR concentration. The AZD and NND of the synaptic vesicles in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of rats treated with 30 mg/kg ACR was increased significantly compared with the NS control group at the end of the test (P < 0.01), and the AZD and NND of synaptic vesicles in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of rats treated with 50 mg/kg ACR was increased significantly compared with both the NS control group and 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group at the end of the test (P < 0.01).
Figure 6. Analysis of synaptic vesicles in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. (A) Synapses were photographed by electron microscopy at a magnification of 100, 000 ×, and this indicated clear structures of normal synapses, including synaptic vesicles, active zones, and post-synaptic density. (B) ImageTool and LoClust software were used to measure the AZD and NND of the synaptic vesicles.
Figure 7. Analysis of AZD and NND in the cerebral cortex. (A1) Scatter plot of synaptic vesicles in the control (NS) group; (A2) scatter plot of synaptic vesicles in the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group; (A3) scatter plot of synaptic vesicles in the 50 mg/kg ACR treatment group; (B1) box plot of AZD for the NS control group and ACR (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) treatment groups; (B2) box plot of NND for the NS control group and ACR (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) treatment groups. #Significant difference compared with control, P < 0.01. & Significant difference compared with the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group, P < 0.01.
Figure 8. Analysis of AZD and NND in the cerebellum. (A1) Scatter plot of synaptic vesicles in the control (NS) group; (A2) scatter plot of synaptic vesicles in the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group; (A3) scatter plot of synaptic vesicles in the 50 mg/kg ACR treatment group; (B1) box plot of AZD for the NS control group and ACR (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) treatment groups; (B2) box plot of NND for the NS control group and ACR (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) treatment groups. #Significant difference compared with control, P < 0.01. & Significant difference compared with the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group, P < 0.01.
A 3 × 2 contingency table chi-square test and the Cochran-Armitage trend test were used to analyze the ratio of the distribution of vesicles in the RRP and RP in the cerebral cortex (Table 1) and cerebellum (Table 2) of the NS control group, the 30 mg/kg ACR exposure group, and the 50 mg/kg ACR exposure group. The results showed that the distribution of vesicles in RRP and RP in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum were all significantly different (cerebral cortex, χ2= 265.4468, P < 0.01; cerebellum, χ2= 340.6080, P < 0.01), and the changes in the distribution of the synaptic vesicles in the RRP and RP in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum had the same trend, that the proportion of synaptic vesicles in the RRP decreased while that in RP increased with increasing concentration of ACR (cerebral cortex, Z = -16.2104, P < 0.01; cerebellum, Z = -18.3149, P < 0.01). The chi-square test was used to compare the ratio of the distribution of synaptic vesicles in the RRP and RP in the cerebellum among the NS control group, the 30 mg/kg ACR group, and the 50 mg/kg ACR group with Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing. The results indicated that the pairwise comparison of the distribution of vesicles in the RRP and RP of three groups had significant differences (P < 0.01).
Table 1. The Distribution of Synaptic Vesicles in the RRP and RP in the Cerebral Cortex
Group RRP (AZD ≤ 200 nm) RP (AZD > 200 nm) Total Control (NS) 1498 383 1881 30 mg/kg ACR* 1291 567 1858 50 mg/kg ACR*# 1038 849 1887 Note. *Significant difference compared with control, P < 0.01. #Significant difference compared with the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group, P < 0.01. Table 2. The Distribution of Synaptic Vesicles in the RRP and RP in the Cerebellum
Group RRP (AZD ≤ 200 nm) RP (AZD > 200 nm) Total Control (NS) 1503 334 1837 30 mg/kg ACR* 1188 653 1841 50 mg/kg ACR*# 991 866 1857 Note. *Significant difference compared with control, P < 0.01. #Significant difference compared with the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group, P < 0.01. -
The protein expression levels of Synapsin Ⅰ and P-Synapsin Ⅰ are listed in Figure 9. The protein expression levels of Synapsin Ⅰ and P-Synapsin Ⅰ in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of rats treated with 30 mg/kg ACR were decreased significantly compared with the NS control group at the end of the test (P < 0.05), and the protein expression of Synapsin Ⅰ and P-Synapsin Ⅰ in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of rats treated with 50 mg/kg ACR was decreased significantly compared with the NS control group and 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group at the end of the test (P < 0.05).
Figure 9. The expression of Synapsin Ⅰ and P-Synapsin Ⅰ in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Synapsin Ⅰ and P-Synapsin Ⅰ protein levels in different groups were determined using western blotting and are expressed as the percentage of Synapsin Ⅰ/GAPDH or P-Synapsin Ⅰ/GAPDH. Representative immunoblots are shown in the graph. (A) cerebral cortex, (B) cerebellum, 1: Synapsin Ⅰ, 2: P-Synapsin Ⅰ. The data are expressed as x±s. *Significant difference compared with control, P < 0.05. #Significant difference compared with the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group, P < 0.05.
doi: 10.3967/bes2017.057
Acrylamide-induced Subacute Neurotoxic Effects on the Cerebral Cortex and Cerebellum at the Synapse Level in Rats
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Abstract:
Objective To investigate acrylamide (ACR)-induced subacute neurotoxic effects on the central nervous system (CNS) at the synapse level in rats. Methods Thirty-six Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomized into three groups, (1) a 30 mg/kg ACR-treated group, (2) a 50 mg/kg ACR-treated group, and (3) a normal saline (NS)-treated control group. Body weight and neurological changes were recorded each day. At the end of the test, cerebral cortex and cerebellum tissues were harvested and viewed using light and electron microscopy. Additionally, the expression of Synapsin Ⅰ and P-Synapsin Ⅰ in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum were investigated. Results The 50 mg/kg ACR-treated rats showed a significant reduction in body weight compared with untreated individuals (P < 0.05). Rats exposed to ACR showed a significant increase in gait scores compared with the NS control group (P < 0.05). Histological examination indicated neuronal structural damage in the 50 mg/kg ACR treatment group. The active zone distance (AZD) and the nearest neighbor distance (NND) of synaptic vesicles in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum were increased in both the 30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg ACR treatment groups. The ratio of the distribution of synaptic vesicles in the readily releasable pool (RRP) was decreased. Furthermore, the expression levels of Synapsin Ⅰ and P-Synapsin Ⅰ in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum were decreased in both the 30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg ACR treatment groups. Conclusion Subacute ACR exposure contributes to neuropathy in the rat CNS. Functional damage of synaptic proteins and vesicles may be a mechanism of ACR neurotoxicity. -
Key words:
- Acrylamide (ACR) /
- Synapsin Ⅰ /
- P-Synapsin Ⅰ /
- Synaptic vesicles /
- Neurotoxicity
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Figure 3. Histological examination using H & E staining for the NS control group and the ACR (50 mg/kg) treatment group. Typical morphological changes of cerebral cortex (A) and cerebellum (B) were photographed. 1-2: magnification 200×, 3-4: magnification 400 ×. A1, A3, B1, B3: NS control group, A2, A4, B2, B4: 50 mg/kg ACR treatment group. Typical pathological changes are noted by arrowheads: widened pericellular spaces of the cortical neurons, cortical neuron basophilic chromatin enhancement, widened pericellular spaces of the Purkinje cells, and irregular shape and loss of Purkinje cells.
Figure 4. Ultra-structural analysis by electron microscopy for the NS control group and the ACR (50 mg/kg) treatment group. Typical morphological changes of the cerebral cortex (1, 2) and the cerebellum (3, 4) were photographed. 1, 3: NS control group, 2, 4: 50 mg/kg ACR treatment group. (A) Neurons, (B) Blood brain barrier (BBB), (C) itochondria and polyribosomes, (D) golgi apparatus, (E) glial cell, (F) rough endoplasmic reticulum. Clear pathological changes are noted by red arrowheads: A2, A4: neuron contraction, nuclear membrane introcession; B2, B4: BBB structural damage; C2, C4: mitochondrial damage, depolymerization of polyribosomes; D2, D4: golgi apparatus dilation; E2: glial cell edema; F4: rough endoplasmic reticulum dilation.
Figure 5. Changes in the number of synapses in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. (A) Number of synapses in the cerebral cortex. (B) Number of synapses in the cerebellum. Data are expressed as x±s. #Significant difference compared with control, P < 0.05. *Significant difference compared with the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group, P < 0.05.
Figure 6. Analysis of synaptic vesicles in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. (A) Synapses were photographed by electron microscopy at a magnification of 100, 000 ×, and this indicated clear structures of normal synapses, including synaptic vesicles, active zones, and post-synaptic density. (B) ImageTool and LoClust software were used to measure the AZD and NND of the synaptic vesicles.
Figure 7. Analysis of AZD and NND in the cerebral cortex. (A1) Scatter plot of synaptic vesicles in the control (NS) group; (A2) scatter plot of synaptic vesicles in the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group; (A3) scatter plot of synaptic vesicles in the 50 mg/kg ACR treatment group; (B1) box plot of AZD for the NS control group and ACR (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) treatment groups; (B2) box plot of NND for the NS control group and ACR (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) treatment groups. #Significant difference compared with control, P < 0.01. & Significant difference compared with the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group, P < 0.01.
Figure 8. Analysis of AZD and NND in the cerebellum. (A1) Scatter plot of synaptic vesicles in the control (NS) group; (A2) scatter plot of synaptic vesicles in the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group; (A3) scatter plot of synaptic vesicles in the 50 mg/kg ACR treatment group; (B1) box plot of AZD for the NS control group and ACR (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) treatment groups; (B2) box plot of NND for the NS control group and ACR (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) treatment groups. #Significant difference compared with control, P < 0.01. & Significant difference compared with the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group, P < 0.01.
Figure 9. The expression of Synapsin Ⅰ and P-Synapsin Ⅰ in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Synapsin Ⅰ and P-Synapsin Ⅰ protein levels in different groups were determined using western blotting and are expressed as the percentage of Synapsin Ⅰ/GAPDH or P-Synapsin Ⅰ/GAPDH. Representative immunoblots are shown in the graph. (A) cerebral cortex, (B) cerebellum, 1: Synapsin Ⅰ, 2: P-Synapsin Ⅰ. The data are expressed as x±s. *Significant difference compared with control, P < 0.05. #Significant difference compared with the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group, P < 0.05.
Table 1. The Distribution of Synaptic Vesicles in the RRP and RP in the Cerebral Cortex
Group RRP (AZD ≤ 200 nm) RP (AZD > 200 nm) Total Control (NS) 1498 383 1881 30 mg/kg ACR* 1291 567 1858 50 mg/kg ACR*# 1038 849 1887 Note. *Significant difference compared with control, P < 0.01. #Significant difference compared with the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group, P < 0.01. Table 2. The Distribution of Synaptic Vesicles in the RRP and RP in the Cerebellum
Group RRP (AZD ≤ 200 nm) RP (AZD > 200 nm) Total Control (NS) 1503 334 1837 30 mg/kg ACR* 1188 653 1841 50 mg/kg ACR*# 991 866 1857 Note. *Significant difference compared with control, P < 0.01. #Significant difference compared with the 30 mg/kg ACR treatment group, P < 0.01. -
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