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This study included 314 patients. Of these, 303 patients (199 males [65.7%]) completed the 1-year follow-up (11 patients were lost to follow-up and removed from the final statistical analysis) (Figure 1). The median age (interquartile range) was 77 (65–84) years, and 228 patients (75.2%) were aged > 65 years. The most common primary site of infection was the lung (229 patients, 75.6%), followed by the abdomen (19 patients, 6.3%), urinary tract (18 patients, 5.9%), gastrointestinal tract (12 patients, 4.0%), and other sites (25 patients, 8.3%). The SOFA score was 6.0 (4.0–9.0) points, and the APACHE II score was 18.0 (13.0–23.0) points. Blood culture was positive in 65 patients (21.5%). In total, 105 patients (34.7%) received noninvasive ventilation, and 129 (42.6%) received invasive mechanical ventilation. The 28-day, in-hospital, 90-day, 180-day, and 1-year mortality rates were 31.0%, 36.6%, 43.2%, 45.9%, and 49.8%, respectively. The median durations of ICU and hospital stays were 12 (7–21) and 15 (9–25) days, respectively (Table 1).
Characteristics All patients (n = 303) Sepsis (n = 135) Pre-shock state (n = 93) Septic shock (n = 75) P-value Age (years) 77.0 (65.0–84.0) 77.0 (63.0–84.0) 77.0 (67.0–84.5) 78.0 (65.0–83.0) 0.540 Males 199 (65.7) 96 (71.1) 54 (58.1) 49 (65.3) 0.125 Comorbidities COPD 41 (13.5) 24 (17.8) 10 (10.8) 7 (9.3) 0.148 Diabetes mellitus 82 (27.1) 33 (24.4) 29 (31.2) 20 (26.7) 0.529 Cerebrovascular disease 78 (25.7) 41 (30.4) 19 (20.4) 18 (24.0) 0.223 Neoplasm 44 (14.5) 15 (11.1) 19 (20.4) 10 (13.3) 0.138 Liver disease 13 (4.3) 3 (2.2) 4 (4.3) 6 (8.0) 0.141 Heart failure 55 (18.2) 23 (17.0) 19 (20.4) 13 (17.3) 0.790 Chronic renal failure 41 (13.5) 25 (18.5) 9 (9.7) 7 (9.3) 0.075 Body mass index (kg/m2) 22.9 (19.7–26.2) 23.3 (20.7–27.2) 22.5 (19.8–26.0) 22.0 (18.4–24.7) 0.049 Primary site of infection Lung 229 (75.6) 120 (88.9) 64 (68.8) 45 (60.0) < 0.001 Abdomen 19 (6.3) 3 (2.2) 9 (9.7) 7 (9.3) 0.033 Urinary tract 18 (5.9) 4 (3.0) 6 (6.5) 8 (10.7) 0.075 Gastrointestinal tract 12 (4.0) 1 (0.7) 2 (2.2) 9 (12.0) < 0.001 Other site 25 (8.3) 7 (5.2) 12 (12.9) 6 (8.0) 0.114 Community-acquired infection 240 (79.2) 102 (75.6) 73 (78.5) 65 (86.7) 0.161 Lactate level (mmol/L) 1.7 (1.0–3.2) 1.0 (0.8–1.4) 2.5 (1.8–3.6) 3.6 (2.2–6.0) < 0.001 Oliguria 34 (11.2) 5 (3.7) 8 (8.6) 21 (28.0) < 0.001 PaO2/FiO2 (mmHg) 181.0 (119.0–251.0) 181.0 (124.5–245.0) 175.0 (100.0–253.0) 193.5 (129.5–257.0) 0.685 Serum creatinine (µmol/L) 95.0 (61.0–178.0) 82.0 (57.0–138.0) 96.5 (63.5–167.0) 125.0 (84.0–224.0) 0.003 Total bilirubin (µmol/mL) 14.7 (10.6–25.0) 12.6 (9.1–17.6) 16.6 (11.3–23.7) 24.2 (13.2–44.9) < 0.001 Platelets (×109/L) 161.0 (102.0–228.5) 188.0 (129.0–237.0) 136.0 (89.0–201.5) 132.0 (68.0–213.0) 0.001 Glasgow Coma Scale 14.0 (9.0–15.0) 15.0 (11.0–15.0) 14.0 (10.0–15.0) 11.0 (5.0–15.0) 0.002 SOFA score 6.0 (4.0–9.0) 5.0 (3.0–6.0) 7.0 (4.0–9.0) 10.0 (7.0–12.0) < 0.001 APACHE II score 18.0 (13.0–23.0) 17.0 (13.0–22.0) 18.0 (13.0–24.0) 22.0 (16.0–30.0) < 0.001 Positive blood culture 65 (21.5) 20 (14.8) 20 (21.5) 25 (33.3) 0.007 Noninvasive ventilation 105 (34.7) 53 (39.3) 32 (34.4) 20 (26.7) 0.185 Intubated 129 (42.6) 52 (38.5) 40 (43.0) 37 (49.3) 0.314 Note. Data are presented as n (%) or medians (interquartile ranges). APACHE: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PaO2/FiO2: ratio of the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood to the fraction of inspired oxygen; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment. Table 1. Demographic and clinical data comparison among groups defined by sepsis severity
Patients were divided into sepsis (135 patients [44.6%]), pre-shock state (93 patients [30.7%]), and septic shock (75 patients [24.8%]) groups. The lactate level, frequency of oliguria, serum creatinine level, total bilirubin level, SOFA score, APACHE II score, and frequency of positive blood culture significantly increased with increased disease severity, whereas BMI, platelet count, and GCS score significantly decreased (Table 1). The 28-, 90-, and 180-day and 1-year mortality rates of the pre-shock state group (31.2%, 44.1%, 46.2%, and 49.5%, respectively) were all significantly higher than those of the sepsis group (18.5%, 32.6%, 34.1%, and 37.8%, respectively) and significantly lower than those of the septic shock group (53.3%, 61.3%, 66.7%, and 72.0%, respectively), especially in older patients (Table 2). Differences in the 1-year mortality rates among the three groups were demonstrated using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis (Figure 2).
Mortality Total Sepsis Pre-shock state Septic shock P-value All patients n = 303 n = 135 n = 93 n = 75 28-day 94 (31.0) 25 (18.5) 29 (31.2) 40 (53.3) < 0.001 90-day 131 (43.2) 44 (32.6) 41 (44.1) 46 (61.3) < 0.001 180-day 139 (45.9) 46 (34.1) 43 (46.2) 50 (66.7) < 0.001 1-year 151 (49.8) 51 (37.8) 46 (49.5) 54 (72.0) < 0.001 Older patients (≥ 65 years) n = 228 n = 99 n = 72 n = 57 28-day 81 (35.5) 21 (21.2) 27 (37.5) 33 (57.9) < 0.001 90-day 114 (50.0) 39 (39.4) 36 (50.0) 39 (68.4) 0.002 180-day 122 (53.5) 41 (41.4) 38 (52.8) 43 (75.4) < 0.001 1-year 133 (58.3) 46 (46.5) 41 (56.9) 46 (80.7) < 0.001 Younger patients (< 65 years) n = 75 n = 36 n = 21 n = 18 28-day 13 (17.3) 4 (11.1) 2 (9.5) 7 (38.9) 0.021 90-day 17 (22.7) 5 (13.9) 5 (23.8) 7 (38.9) 0.116 180-day 17 (22.7) 5 (13.9) 5 (23.8) 7 (38.9) 0.116 1-year 18 (24.0) 5 (13.9) 5 (23.8) 8 (44.4) 0.046 Note. Data are presented as n (%). Table 2. Comparison of mortality among groups defined by sepsis severity
Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier survival plot for 1-year survival rates of 303 patients, which included those in sepsis, pre-shock state, or septic shock.
Compared with the pre-shock state group, mortality risks in the 28-, 90-, and 180-day and 1-year periods were significantly lower in the sepsis group (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.540, 0.649, 0.644, and 0.663, respectively; all P < 0.05) and higher in the septic shock group (HR: 2.110, 1.815, 1.896, and 1.952, respectively; all P < 0.01) according to univariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis (Table 3).
Mortality Variables Hazard ratio 95% confidence interval P-value 28-day Sepsis 0.540 0.316–0.922 0.024 Pre-shock state Reference Septic shock 2.110 1.307–3.405 0.002 90-day Sepsis 0.649 0.424–0.994 0.047 Pre-shock state Reference Septic shock 1.815 1.191–2.767 0.006 180-day Sepsis 0.644 0.425–0.975 0.038 Pre-shock state Reference Septic shock 1.896 1.261–2.853 0.002 1-year Sepsis 0.663 0.445–0.987 0.043 Pre-shock state Reference Septic shock 1.952 1.316–2.895 0.001 Table 3. Fatality risk in patients with pre-shock state or septic shock using the univariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis
Of the 93 patients in the pre-shock state group, 30 progressed to septic shock after 3.0 (1.0–15.0) days, and 63 improved to sepsis after 2.0 (1.0–5.0) days (Figure 3).
The 28-, 90-, and 180-day and 1-year mortality rates of the older patients (≥ 65 years) were all significantly higher than those of the younger patients (< 65 years) (35.5% vs. 17.3%, P = 0.003; 50.0% vs. 22.7%, P < 0.001; 53.5% vs. 22.7%, P < 0.001; and 58.3% vs. 24.0%, P < 0.001, respectively; Figure 4).
Figure 4. The short- and long-term mortality rates of older patients and younger patients with sepsis.
The ICU and hospital stay durations were 12.0 (7.0–21.0) and 15.0 (9.0–25.0) days, respectively (Table 4). In the survival group, the ICU and hospital stay durations increased with the severity of sepsis (Table 4). However, in the non-survival group, the trend was the opposite (Table 4) because a more severe disease resulted in premature deaths.
Characteristics Total Sepsis Pre-shock state Septic shock P-value All patients n = 303 n = 135 n = 93 n = 75 Duration of ICU stay (days) 12.0 (7.0–21.0) 12.0 (8.0–23.0) 13.0 (6.0–22.0) 10.0 (4.0–18.0) 0.030 Duration of hospital stay (days) 15.0 (9.0–25.0) 15.0 (10.0–27.0) 16.5 (10.0–26.0) 12.0 (5.0–21.0) 0.024 Survival patients n = 192 n = 101 n = 59 n = 32 Duration of ICU stay (days) 11.0 (8.0–20.0) 11.0 (7.0–18.0) 12.0 (7.0–21.0) 13.0 (8.0–24.5) 0.718 Duration of hospital stay (days) 16.0 (10.0–24.0) 14.0 (10.0–24.0) 17.5 (11.0–26.5) 17.5 (10.5–26.0) 0.476 Non-survival patients n = 111 n = 34 n = 34 n = 43 Duration of ICU stay (days) 12.0 (5.0–25.0) 18.5 (12.0–33.0) 14.0 (5.5–26.0) 7.0 (2.0–13.0) < 0.001 Duration of hospital stay (days) 13.0 (5.0–26.0) 19.5 (12.0–33.0) 14.0 (5.5–26.0) 9.0 (2.0–19.0) < 0.001 Note. Data are presented as medians (interquartile ranges). ICU, intensive care unit. Table 4. Durations of ICU and hospital stays
Influence of the Pre-shock State on the Prognosis of Medical Patients with Sepsis: A Retrospective Cohort Study
doi: 10.3967/bes2023.150
- Received Date: 2023-07-31
- Accepted Date: 2023-10-09
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Key words:
- Critical care /
- Mortality /
- Pre-shock state /
- Sepsis /
- Septic shock
Abstract:
The authors have no competing interests to declare.
&These authors contributed equally to this work.
Citation: | ZHANG Lei, GAI Xiao Yan, LI Xin, LIANG Ying, WANG Meng, ZHAO Fei Fan, ZHOU Qing Tao, SUN Yong Chang. Influence of the Pre-shock State on the Prognosis of Medical Patients with Sepsis: A Retrospective Cohort Study[J]. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2023, 36(12): 1152-1161. doi: 10.3967/bes2023.150 |