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2025, 38(7)
2025-7 Contents
2025, 38(7): 1-2.
Socioeconomic and Environmental Factors Influence Tuberculosis Control
Lei Gao
2025, 38(7): 779-780. doi: 10.3967/bes2025.091
Comparative Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Mechanism by Which Foam Macrophages Restrict Survival of Intracellular Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Xiao Peng, Yuanyuan Liu, Liyao Chen, Hui Yang, Yan Chang, Yeran Yang, Xuan Zhang, Anna Jia, Yongbo Yu, Yongli Guo, Jie Lu
2025, 38(7): 781-791. doi: 10.3967/bes2025.078
  Objectives  This study aimed to investigate the impact of foam macrophages (FMs) on the intracellular survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and identify the molecular mechanisms influencing MTB survival.  Methods  An in vitro FM model was established using oleic acid induction. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted to identify the key molecular pathways involved in FM-mediated MTB survival.  Results  Induced FMs effectively restricted MTB survival. Transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling revealed distinct changes in gene and metabolite expression in FMs during MTB infection compared with normal macrophages. Integrated analyses identified significant alterations in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway, indicating that its activation contributes to the FM-mediated restriction of MTB survival.  Conclusions  FMs inhibit MTB survival. The cAMP signaling pathway is a key contributor. These findings enhance the understanding of the role of FMs in tuberculosis progression, suggest potential targets for host-directed therapies, and offer new directions for developing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies against tuberculosis.
Independent and Interactive Effects of Air Pollutants, Meteorological Factors, and Green Space on Tuberculosis Incidence in Shanghai
Qi Ye, Jing Chen, Yating Ji, Xiaoyu Lu, Jiale Deng, Nan Li, Wei Wei, Renjie Hou, Zhiyuan Li, Jianbang Xiang, Xu Gao, Xin Shen, Chongguang Yang
2025, 38(7): 792-809. doi: 10.3967/bes2025.041
  Objective  To assess the independent and combined effects of air pollutants, meteorological factors, and greenspace exposure on new tuberculosis (TB) cases.  Methods  TB case data from Shanghai (2013–2018) were obtained from the Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Environmental data on air pollutants, meteorological variables, and greenspace exposure were obtained from the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center. We employed a distributed-lag nonlinear model to assess the effects of these environmental factors on TB cases.  Results  Increased TB risk was linked to PM2.5, PM10, and rainfall, whereas NO2, SO2, and air pressure were associated with a reduced risk. Specifically, the strongest cumulative effects occurred at various lags: PM2.5 (RR = 1.166, 95% CI: 1.026–1.325) at 0–19 weeks; PM10 (RR = 1.167, 95% CI: 1.028–1.324) at 0–18 weeks; NO2 (RR = 0.968, 95% CI: 0.938–0.999) at 0–1 weeks; SO2 (RR = 0.945, 95% CI: 0.894–0.999) at 0–2 weeks; air pressure (RR = 0.604, 95% CI: 0.447–0.816) at 0–8 weeks; and rainfall (RR = 1.404, 95% CI: 1.076–1.833) at 0–22 weeks. Green space exposure did not significantly impact TB cases. Additionally, low temperatures amplified the effect of PM2.5 on TB.  Conclusion  Exposure to PM2.5, PM10, and rainfall increased the risk of TB, highlighting the need to address air pollutants for the prevention of TB in Shanghai.
Increased Tertiary Lymphoid Structures are Associated with Exaggerated Lung Tissue Damage in Smokers with Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Yue Zhang, Liang Li, Zikang Sheng, Yafei Rao, Xiang Zhu, Yu Pang, Mengqiu Gao, Xiaoyan Gai, Yongchang Sun
2025, 38(7): 810-818. doi: 10.3967/bes2025.020
  Objective   Cigarette smoking exacerbates the progression of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The role of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in chronic lung diseases has gained attention; however, it remains unclear whether smoking-exacerbated lung damage in TB is associated with TLS. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of pulmonary TLS in smokers with TB and to explore the possible role of TLS in smoking-related lung injury in TB.  Methods   Lung tissues from 36 male patients (18 smokers and 18 non-smokers) who underwent surgical resection for pulmonary TB were included in this study. Pathological and immunohistological analyses were conducted to evaluate the quantity of TLS, and chest computed tomography (CT) was used to assess the severity of lung lesions. The correlation between the TLS quantity and TB lesion severity scores was analyzed. The immune cells and chemokines involved in TLS formation were also evaluated and compared between smokers and non-smokers.  Results   Smoker patients with TB had significantly higher TLS than non-smokers (P < 0.001). The TLS quantity in both the lung parenchyma and peribronchial regions correlated with TB lesion severity on chest CT (parenchyma: r = 0.5767; peribronchial: r = 0.7373; both P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis showed increased B cells, T cells, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) expression in smoker patients with TB (P < 0.001).  Conclusion   Smoker TB patients exhibited increased pulmonary TLS, which was associated with exacerbated lung lesions on chest CT, suggesting that cigarette smoking may exacerbate lung damage by promoting TLS formation.
Spatio-Temporal Pattern and Socio-economic Influencing Factors of Tuberculosis Incidence in Guangdong Province: A Bayesian Spatiotemporal Analysis
Huizhong Wu, Xing Li, Jiawen Wang, Ronghua Jian, Jianxiong Hu, Yijun Hu, Yiting Xu, Jianpeng Xiao, Aiqiong Jin, Liang Chen
2025, 38(7): 819-828. doi: 10.3967/bes2025.071
  Objective  To investigate the spatiotemporal patterns and socioeconomic factors influencing the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in the Guangdong Province between 2010 and 2019.  Method  Spatial and temporal variations in TB incidence were mapped using heat maps and hierarchical clustering. Socioenvironmental influencing factors were evaluated using a Bayesian spatiotemporal conditional autoregressive (ST-CAR) model.  Results  Annual incidence of TB in Guangdong decreased from 91.85/100,000 in 2010 to 53.06/100,000 in 2019. Spatial hotspots were found in northeastern Guangdong, particularly in Heyuan, Shanwei, and Shantou, while Shenzhen, Dongguan, and Foshan had the lowest rates in the Pearl River Delta. The ST-CAR model showed that the TB risk was lower with higher per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [Relative Risk (RR), 0.91; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.86–0.98], more the ratio of licensed physicians and physician (RR, 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90-0.98), and higher per capita public expenditure (RR, 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90–0.97), with a marginal effect of population density (RR, 0.86; 95% CI: 0.86–1.00).  Conclusion  The incidence of TB in Guangdong varies spatially and temporally. Areas with poor economic conditions and insufficient healthcare resources are at an increased risk of TB infection. Strategies focusing on equitable health resource distribution and economic development are the key to TB control.
A Retrospective Study of Pregnancy and Fetal Outcomes in Mothers with Hepatitis C Viremia
Wen Deng, Ziyu Zhang, Xinxin Li, Yaqin Zhang, Weihua Cao, Shiyu Wang, Xin Wei, Zixuan Gao, Shuojie Wang, Linmei Yao, Lu Zhang, Hongxiao Hao, Xiaoxue Chen, Yuanjiao Gao, Wei Yi, Yao Xie, Minghui Li
2025, 38(7): 829-839. doi: 10.3967/bes2025.079
  Objective  To investigate chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection’s effect on gestational liver function, pregnancy and delivery complications, and neonatal development.  Methods  A total of 157 HCV antibody-positive (anti-HCV[+]) and HCV RNA(+) patients (Group C) and 121 anti-HCV(+) and HCV RNA(-) patients (Group B) were included as study participants, while 142 anti-HCV(-) and HCV RNA(-) patients (Group A) were the control group. Data on biochemical indices during pregnancy, pregnancy complications, delivery-related information, and neonatal complications were also collected.  Results   Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) rates in Group C during early, middle, and late pregnancy were 59.87%, 43.95%, and 42.04%, respectively—significantly higher than Groups B (26.45%, 15.70%, 10.74%) and A (23.94%, 19.01%, 6.34%) (P < 0.05). Median ALT levels in Group C were significantly higher than in Groups A and B at all pregnancy stages (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found in neonatal malformation rates across groups (P > 0.05). However, neonatal jaundice incidence was significantly greater in Group C (75.16%) compared to Groups A (42.25%) and B (57.02%) (χ2 = 33.552, P < 0.001). HCV RNA positivity during pregnancy was an independent risk factor for neonatal jaundice (OR = 2.111, 95% CI 1.242–3.588, P = 0.006).  Conclusions  Chronic HCV infection can affect the liver function of pregnant women, but does not increase the pregnancy or delivery complication risks. HCV RNA(+) is an independent risk factor for neonatal jaundice.
HIV Pretreatment Drug Resistance and Transmission Clusters among Newly Diagnosed Patients in the China-Myanmar Border Region, 2020–2023
Huan Liu, Yuecheng Yang, Xing Duan, Yichen Jin, Yanfen Cao, Yi Feng, Chang Cai, Hehe Zhao, Houlin Tang
2025, 38(7): 840-847. doi: 10.3967/bes2025.080
  Objective   This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of HIV pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) and the transmission clusters associated with PDR-related mutations in newly diagnosed, treatment-naive patients between 2020 and 2023 in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province, China.  Methods   Demographic information and plasma samples were collected from study participants. PDR was assessed using the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database. The Tamura-Nei 93 model within HIV-TRACE was employed to compute pairwise matches with a genetic distance of 0.015 substitutions per site.  Results   Among 948 treatment-naive individuals with eligible sequences, 36 HIV subtypes were identified, with unique recombinant forms (URFs) being the most prevalent (18.8%, 178/948). The overall prevalence of PDR was 12.4% (118/948), and resistance to non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs) was 10.7%, 1.3%, and 1.6%, respectively. A total of 91 clusters were identified, among which eight showed evidence of PDR strain transmission. The largest PDR-associated cluster consisted of six CRF01_AE drug-resistant strains carrying K103N and V179T mutations; five of these individuals had initial CD4+ cell counts < 200 cells/μL.  Conclusion   The distribution of HIV subtypes in Dehong is diverse and complex. PDR was moderately prevalent (12.4%) between 2020 and 2023. Evidence of transmission of CRF01_AE strains carrying K103N and V179T mutations was found. Routine surveillance of PDR and the strengthening of control measures are essential to limit the spread of drug-resistance HIV strains.
Epidemic Evolution Trends and Spatiotemporal Clustering of Human Brucellosis in Xilingol League Inner Mongolia, from 2004 to 2023
Zhiguo Liu, Miao Wang, Hao Tang, Chuizhao Xue, Zhenjun Li, Canjun Zheng
2025, 38(7): 848-855. doi: 10.3967/bes2025.081
  Objective  Human brucellosis is a serious public health concern in the Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia; however, the epidemic trends are unclear.  Method  In this study, Joinpoint regression analysis and spatiotemporal analysis were applied to investigate the epidemic evolution of human brucellosis.  Result  From 2004 to 2023, a total of 35,747 cases were reported, with an annual average of 1787.35 cases and an annual average incidence rate of 176.04/100,000. The incidence increased from 173.96/100,000 in 2004 to 500.71/100,000 in 2009 and fluctuated to 61.43/100,000 in 2023. Three epidemic join points were observed in which the disease experienced an alternative rise and fall, peaking in 2009 (APC = 21.73, P > 0.001) and 2020 (APC = 21.51, P > 0.001). The disease showed a persistent decline trend in lentitude (AAPC = –5.30, P > 0.001), suggesting challenges in disease control and a higher risk of rebound. The most cases were reported in Xilinhot City (n = 4,777), followed by 4,391 in Sonid Left Banner, and 4,324 in Abaga Banner. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed two high clusters (CI and CII) from 2005 to 2012, the high cluster encompassing eight counties and shifting from north to south.  Conclusion  The present analysis highlights that human brucellosis has decreased significantly in the Xilingol League, but the epidemic is still severe; further implementation of a strict control program is necessary.
Deciphering Virulence Factors of Hyper-Virulent Pseudomonas aeruginosa Associated with Meningitis
Liling Xie, Shuo Liu, Yufan Wang, Mingchun Li, Zhenhua Huang, Yue Ma, Qilin Yu
2025, 38(7): 856-866. doi: 10.3967/bes2025.082
  Objective   Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a prevalent pathogenic bacterium involved in meningitis; however, the virulence factors contributing to this disease remain poorly understood.  Methods   The virulence of the P. aeruginosa A584, isolated from meningitis samples, was evaluated by constructing in vitro blood-brain barrier and in vivo systemic infection models. qPCR, whole-genome sequencing, and drug efflux assays of A584 were performed to analyze the virulence factors.  Results   Genomic sequencing showed that A584 formed a phylogenetic cluster with the reference strains NY7610, DDRC3, Pa58, and Pa124. Its genome includes abundant virulence factors, such as hemolysin, the Type IV secretion system, and pyoverdine. A584 is a multidrug-resistant strain, and its wide-spectrum resistance is associated with enhanced drug efflux. Moreover, this strain caused significantly more severe damage to the blood-brain barrier than the standard strain, PAO1. qPCR assays further revealed the downregulation of the blood-brain barrier-associated proteins Claudin-5 and Occludin by A584. During systemic infection, A584 exhibited a higher capacity of brain colonization than PAO1 (37.1 × 106 CFU/g brain versus 2.5 × 106 CFU/g brain), leading to higher levels of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α.  Conclusion   This study sheds light on the virulence factors of P. aeruginosa involved in meningitis.
Spatial-temporal Dynamics of Tuberculosis and Its Association with Meteorological Factors and Air Pollution in Shaanxi Province, China
Hengliang Lyu, Xihao Liu, Hui Chen, Xueli Zhang, Feng Liu, Zitong Zheng, Hongwei Zhang, Yuanyong Xu, Wenyi Zhang
2025, 38(7): 867-872. doi: 10.3967/bes2025.083
Whole-Genome Phylogeny of Brucella melitensis Isolates from Gansu Province, China
Xiaoyan Zhou, Pinggui Wang, Qingqing Xu, Yu Feng, Dingsheng Wang, Qi Zhao, Lixia Niu, Minghui Ma, Aiwei He, Hai Jiang
2025, 38(7): 873-876. doi: 10.3967/bes2025.084
Droplet Digital PCR for Diagnosing Brucellosis Spondylitis: Method Development and Evaluation
Xiuqin Chang, Guangtian Liu, Bo Li, Meng Hao, Xuefeng Jiang, Zhiguo Liu
2025, 38(7): 877-880. doi: 10.3967/bes2025.085
Trends Analysis on Vaccination Coverage of Influenza in Shandong Province, China
Guijie Luan, Liang Sun, Weiyan Zhang, Yao Liu, Shaonan Liu
2025, 38(7): 881-884. doi: 10.3967/bes2025.063
Seasonal Effects of Air Pollutants on Stroke Deaths in Qingdao from 2014 to 2019
Jingkai Zhang, Bingling Wang, Lu Pan, Nan Ge, Jingya Yin, Yuan Fang, Hua Zhang, Jianjun Zhang, Xiutao Cao, Yan Ma, Li Cheng, Haiping Duan
2025, 38(7): 885-890. doi: 10.3967/bes2025.073