A Risk Prediction Model for Ischemic Stroke in Southern Chinese Population: Impact of Multiple Genetic Variants and Clinical/Lifestyle Factors

YE Cheng Yin LI Jin Mei WU Jing Hua LI Zheng XIAO Juan YIN Xiao Yu WANG Da Hui XU Guo Zhang YANG Lei

YE Cheng Yin, LI Jin Mei, WU Jing Hua, LI Zheng, XIAO Juan, YIN Xiao Yu, WANG Da Hui, XU Guo Zhang, YANG Lei. A Risk Prediction Model for Ischemic Stroke in Southern Chinese Population: Impact of Multiple Genetic Variants and Clinical/Lifestyle Factors[J]. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2021, 34(8): 641-645. doi: 10.3967/bes2021.089
Citation: YE Cheng Yin, LI Jin Mei, WU Jing Hua, LI Zheng, XIAO Juan, YIN Xiao Yu, WANG Da Hui, XU Guo Zhang, YANG Lei. A Risk Prediction Model for Ischemic Stroke in Southern Chinese Population: Impact of Multiple Genetic Variants and Clinical/Lifestyle Factors[J]. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2021, 34(8): 641-645. doi: 10.3967/bes2021.089

doi: 10.3967/bes2021.089

A Risk Prediction Model for Ischemic Stroke in Southern Chinese Population: Impact of Multiple Genetic Variants and Clinical/Lifestyle Factors

Funds: This work was supported by the Program for Zhejiang Leading Team of Science and Technology Innovation [grant number: No. 2011R50021]; Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number: No. LQ16H260002]; and it was also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number: No.81402762]
More Information
    Author Bio:

    YE Cheng Yin, female, born in 1985, PhD, majoring in electronic medical data mining and health risk assessment research

    LI Jin Mei, female, born in 1995, Bachelor, majoring in health risk assessment research

    Corresponding author: XU Guo Zhang, Tel: 86-574- 87274539; E-mail: xugz@nbcdc.org.cnYANG Lei, PhD, Tel: 86-571-28865010; E-mail: yanglei62@hznu.edu.cn
  • &These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • &These authors contributed equally to this work.
    注释:
  • S1.  Study design.

    Figure  1.  The ROC Curves of the genetic-based model and the full IS risk prediction model

    Figure  2.  The P-value plot of enriched pathways and functional domains for the 15 captured SNPs

    S1.   Definition and classification of features collected in our study

    FeaturesDefinition/Classification
    Ischemic StrokeDiagnostic criteria from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association in 2013; Diagnostic tools: brain computerized tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical characterization.
    Anthropometry parametersHeight, weight and waist circumference were measured by regular methods during physical examination; Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight (kg)/height square (m2).
    Systolic/diastolic blood
    pressure (SBP/DBP)
    Measured by regular methods during physical examination.
    Plasma concentrations of
    TC, TG, HDL-c and LDL-c
    Measured by a Hitachi 7180 biochemistry automatic analyzer.
    DyslipidemiaDetermined by one of the following four criteria: 1.Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) ≥ 3.37mmol/L; 2.High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) ≤ 1.04mmol/L’ 3.Total cholesterol (TC) ≥ 5.18mmol/L; 4.Triglyceride (TG) ≥ 1.7mmol/L.
    HypertensionSystolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg or having a history of antihypertensive-drug consumption.
    Smoking“Yes”: Smoke ≥ 1cigarette or more per day in the last 12 months. “No”: Smoke < 1 cigarette per day in the last 12 months.
    Egg intake3 levels: Eat < 1/week; 1-4/week; > 5/week in the last 12 months.
    Salt intake3 levels: Intake < 6g/day; 6-9g/day; > 9g/day in the last 12 months.
    Fruit/vegetable intake“Seldom”: consuming less than 50g/day in the last 12 months. “Regular”: consuming 50g/day in the last 12 months.
    Mile/soymilk intake“Seldom”: consuming less than 200ml/day in the last 12 months; “Regular”: consuming 200ml/day in the last 12 months.
    Red meat/fish/chicken/
    dessert intake
    “Seldom”: consuming this food less than once a week in the last 12 months. “≥ 1 times/week”: consuming this food at least once a week in the last 12 months.
    Physical activity“Sedentary”: occupations that require little exercise at work, such as office workers; “Light”: occupations that need to stand for a relatively long time at work, such as salesmen, waiters and teachers; “Moderate”: occupations that required long hours of walking, pushing or pulling at work, such as cleaning services; “Heavy”: occupations that required strenuous effort and extensive total body movements such as dancers, construction workers.
    下载: 导出CSV

    S2.   The reported association between 102 SNPs or its genes and IS or IS-related diseases/conditions

    SNPAssociated with IS or IS-related
    diseases/conditions (SNP)
    GeneAssociated with IS or IS-related diseases/
    conditions (Gene)
    rs11646692BCO1Coronary atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia
    rs6564851Carotenoid and tocopherol levels
    rs12934922BCO1Coronary atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia
    rs7501331BCO1Coronary atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia
    rs671Coronary artery disease, Body mass index (BMI), triglycerides (TG)
    rs1229984Cardiovascular disease, systolic blood pressure (SBP),
    rs2479409Low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (LDL-c), et al.
    rs17111503LDL-c, total cholesterol levels (TC), at al.
    rs2483205PCSK9Coronary atherosclerotic lesion
    extension and calcification
    rs662145PCSK9Coronary atherosclerotic lesion
    extension and calcification
    rs11583680PCSK9Coronary atherosclerotic lesion
    extension and calcification
    rs111563724PCSK9Coronary atherosclerotic lesion
    extension and calcification
    rs2738466LDLRCoronary heart disease
    rs1003723LDLR, MIR6886Coronary artery disease,
    plasma lipid levels
    rs6413504LDLRCoronary artery disease,
    plasma lipid levels
    rs17845226ANXA2LDL-c, Coronary heart disease
    rs8025278SLC12A1, LOC107984755Hypertension
    rs12438818SLC12A1, LOC107984755Hypertension
    rs11643718SLC12A3Coronary atherosclerotic lesion
    extension and calcification
    rs5805SLC12A3Coronary atherosclerotic lesion
    extension and calcification
    rs3812963SLC12A3Coronary atherosclerotic lesion
    extension and calcification
    rs4784733SLC12A3Coronary atherosclerotic lesion
    extension and calcification
    rs3782724Obesity (early onset extreme)
    rs2228576SCNN1AInsulin resistance
    rs7205273SCNN1Bstroke
    rs7200183SCNN1GHypertension
    rs675759KCNJ1Serum Lipid Profile
    rs675388KCNJ1Serum Lipid Profile
    rs2846679KCNJ1, LOC107984409Serum Lipid Profile
    rs1148058KCNJ1Serum Lipid Profile
    rs4299376Coronary artery disease
    rs964184Coronary artery disease
    rs693TC, et al.
    rs515135Coronary artery disease, LDL-c, et al.
    rs5167TG, high density lipoprotein
    cholesterol levels (HDL-c)
    rs4420638Coronary artery disease, LDL-c, et al.
    rs3764261HDL-c, TG, et al.
    rs10401969LDL-c, et al.
    rs10889353TG, et al.
    rs174547HDL-c, TG, et al.
    rs4846914HDL-c, et al.
    rs1260326Cardiovascular disease risk factors, TG, et al.
    rs12654264LDL-c, et al.
    rs1800961HDL-c, et al.
    rs16942887HDL-c, TG, et al.
    rs5929LDLRCoronary artery disease, plasma lipid levels
    rs2650000LDL-c
    rs1800588HDL-c, TG, et al.
    rs4939883HDL-c, TC, et al.
    rs7241918HDL-c, TC, et al.
    rs328TG, HDL-c, et al.
    rs17145738TG, et al.
    rs16996148LDL-c, TG
    rs3812316TG, et al.
    rs12130333TG, TC
    rs17321515TG, TC, et al.
    rs7493Yu-Zhi constitution type in type 2 diabetes
    rs629301LDL-c, et al.
    rs2954029Coronary artery disease,
    Coronary artery disease, et al.
    rs4149269ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2472433ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2740486ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2515616Waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI
    rs2472386HDL-c
    rs2740479C-reactive protein levels
    rs4149264ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs4149339ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2515617ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2254884ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2065412ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2472377ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs4149336ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2297406ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs6479282ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs4743764ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2740484ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs11789818ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2575876HDL-c in current drinkers,
    TG in current drinkers, et al.
    rs2482433ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2515614ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs4743763ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2000069ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs10820743ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2472510ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs4665273ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs1127568ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs6751537ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs7608976ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs11689546ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs7604576ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs7593130ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs2241759ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs2278485ADCY3, LOC105377626Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs1344840ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs4077678BMI, Childhood obesity
    rs10187348ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs10431036BCO2Ischemic stroke
    rs11214109BCO2Ischemic stroke
    rs12420476BCO2Ischemic stroke
    rs13328843BCO2Ischemic stroke
    rs11641677BCO1Coronary atherosclerosis
    rs6939861TFEB, MIR10398Cardiovascular diseases
    rs11759908Estimated glomerular filtration rate, estimated
    glomerular filtration rate in non-diabetics
    下载: 导出CSV

    S3.   Comparison of baseline features in individuals with or without IS

    CharacteristicsCase (n = 67)Control
    (n = 2,046)
    t/z/χ2P value
    Age, Mean (IQR), y70.7 (12)58.6 (17)8.88< 0.001
    Sex, n (%)0.160.88
     Male30 (44.78)936 (54.25)
     Female37 (55.22)1,110 (45.75)
    Education level, n (%)−1.920.05
     ≤ Primary school57 (85.07)1,456 (71.16)
     Middle school7 (10.45)517 (25.27)
     ≥ High school3 (4.48)73 (3.57)
    Height, Mean (IQR), cm157.6 (12.5)160.4 (11)−2.760.005
    Weight, Mean (IQR), kg57.94 (12.5)59.97 (13)−1.650.10
    Waist, Mean (IQR), cm82.4 (13)81.3 (11)1.130.26
    BMI, Mean (IQR), kg/m223.3 (4.01)23.3 (3.95)0.080.93
    SBP, Mean (IQR), mmHg145.1 (26.5)133.9 (28)4.77< 0.001
    DBP, Mean (IQR), mmHg83.4 (13)81.66 (17)1.140.25
    TC, Mean (IQR), mmol/L5 (1.445)4.9 (1.238)1.120.26
    TG, Mean (IQR), mmol/L1.4 (0.84)1.4 (0.78)−0.180.85
    HDL-c, Mean (IQR), mmol/L1.2 (0.28)1.3 (0.37)−1.50.13
    LDL-c, Mean (IQR), mmol/L3.2 (1.19)3.1 (1.1)0.910.36
    Dyslipidemia, n (%)38 (56.72)1,163 (56.84)−0.020.98
    Hypertension, n (%)46 (68.66)939 (45.9)3.56< 0.001
    Smoking, n (%)0.370.71
     Yes18 (26.87)538 (26.3)
     No49 (73.13)1,508 (73.7)
    Egg intake, n (%)−2.090.04
     < 1 /week28 (41.8)558 (27.3)
     1–4 /week31 (46.3)1,206 (58.9)
     > 5 /week8 (11.9)282 (13.8)
    Salt intake, n (%)1.20.23
     < 6 g/day39 (58.2)1,389 (67.9)
     6–9 g/day25 (37.3)546 (26.7)
     > 9 g/day3 (4.5)111 (5.4)
    Fruit intake, n (%)−1.780.07
     Seldom (< 50 g/day)29 (43.3)671 (32.8)
     Regular (≥ 50 g/day)38 (56.7)1,375 (67.2)
    Vegetable intake, n (%)0.020.99
     Seldom (< 50 g/day)28 (1.4)0 (0)
     Regular (≥ 50 g/day)2018 (98.6)67 (100)
    Milk intake, n (%)0.020.98
     Seldom (< 200 mL/day)42 (62.69)1,312 (64.13)
     Regular (≥ 200 mL/day)25 (37.31)734 (35.87)
    Soymilk intake, n (%)−0.620.54
     Seldom (< 200 mL/day)50 (74.63)1,514 (74)
     Regular (≥ 200 mL/day)17 (25.37)532 (26)
    Red meat intake, n (%)−4.13< 0.001
     Seldom16 (23.88)172 (8.4)
     ≥ 1 times/week51 (76.12)1,874 (91.6)
    Fish intake, n (%)−4.13< 0.001
     Seldom13 (19.4)149 (7.28)
     ≥ 1 times/week54 (80.6)1,897 (92.72)
    Chicken intake, n (%)−2.10.04
     Seldom27 (40.3)581 (28.4)
     ≥ 1 times/week40 (59.7)1,465 (71.6)
    Dessert intake, n (%)−0.80.43
     Seldom24 (35.8)639 (31.2)
     ≥ 1 times/week43 (64.2)1,407 (68.8)
    Physical activity, n (%)0.120.90
     Sedentary13 (19.4)259 (12.66)
     Light34 (50.75)1,182 (57.78)
     Moderate9 (13.43)426 (20.82)
     Heavy11 (16.42)179 (8.74)
    下载: 导出CSV

    S4.   The coefficients of 15 SNPs adopted by the genetic-based IS-risk model and 4 significant features identified by the full IS-risk model

    Genetic-based IS-risk model
    SNPCoefficientGeneAssociated with IS or IS-related diseases/ conditionsPMID
    rs18009610.56226531HNF4AIS22403240
    rs42993760.39578499ABCG8LDL-c26043746
    rs22784850.23077208ADCY3Cardiovascular disease28985495
    rs108893530.13749869DOCK7TG, LDL-c26744084
    rs29540290.10619992TRIB1IS31250580
    rs173215150.08371697TRIB1IS30787327
    rs51670.08041245APOC2Cardiovascular disease29367937
    rs101873480.02155788ADCY3Obesity30704512
    rs115836800.02063195PCSK9LDL-c28577571
    rs12299840.01210608ADH1BAlcohol dependence30994927
    rs25758760.011446ABCA1IS28865324
    rs4939883−0.14570917LOC105372112HDL-c22174694
    rs11643718−0.10686348SLC12A3LDL-c28166833
    rs7493−0.07784675PON2IS28566152
    rs693−0.01463697APOBIS29416768
    Full IS-risk model
    FeaturesCoefficientsPMID
    Age0.42761054130010821
    Genetic risk score0.332308739——
    SBP0.0041383928097354
    Fish intake−0.00497684915155968
    Note. “——” Genetic risk score is a combined feature derived from the genetic-based IS-risk model, thus its PMID is not available.
    下载: 导出CSV

    S5.   The performance of the full IS-risk model in the three risk categories (high/intermediate/low)

    Risk categoryLow riskIntermediate riskHigh riskTotal
    Number of Observations1444584852113
    Cases11342267
    PPV0.76%5.82%25.88%3.17%
    Observation%68.34%27.64%4.02%100.00%
    Sensitivity16.42%50.74%32.84%100.00%
    Specificity70.04%26.88%3.08%100.00%
    Relative Risk0.231.8910.661
    下载: 导出CSV

    S6.   The univariate analysis results for the captured features.

    CharacteristicsCase (N = 67)Control (N = 2,046)OR/Regression coefficient (95% CI)P
    Genetic risk score, Mean (IQR)3.854 (1.161)3.148 (0.95)0.71 (0.51–0.91)< 0.001
    Age, n (%)
     40–493 (4.48)546 (26.69)
     50–593 (4.48)565 (27.61)0.97 (0.18–5.24)0.97
     60–6919 (28.36)604 (29.52)2.39 (1.39–4.95)0.01
     > 7042 (62.68)331 (16.18)2.85 (2.03–4.58)< 0.001
    SBP, Mean (IQR)145.1 (26.5)133.9 (28)11.30 (6.66–15.93)< 0.001
    Fish intake, n (%)0.70 (0.57–0.86)< 0.001
    Never13 (19.40)149 (7.28)
    > 1 times/week54 (80.60)1,897 (92.72)
    下载: 导出CSV

    Table  1.   Relative risk of IS for combined genetic and non-genetic profiles

    Clinical/lifestyle exposureGenetic risk
    LowIntermediateHigh
    Healthy1 (reference)
    Intermediate2.83 (0.55–14.42)
    P = 0.21
    6.74 (1.54–29.56)
    P = 0.011
    Unhealthy5.50 (1.20–25.20)
    P = 0.028
    6.90 (1.56–30.51)
    P = 0.011
    15.60 (3.75–64.96)
    P < 0.001
    下载: 导出CSV
  • [1] Neurology CSo, Society CS. Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of acute ischemic stroke 2018. Chin J Neurol, 2018; 51, 666−82.
    [2] Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind M S V. Stroke Risk Factors, Genetics, and Prevention. Circ Res, 2017; 120, 472−95. doi:  10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308398
    [3] Rutten-Jacobs L C A, Larsson SC, Malik R, et al. Genetic risk, incident stroke, and the benefits of adhering to a healthy lifestyle: Cohort study of 306 473 UK Biobank participants. BMJ (Online), 2018; 363, 1−8.
    [4] Li Z, Ye CY, Wang L, et al. Association of genetic and environmental factors with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a Chinese han population. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020; 17, 1−14.
    [5] Jerome Friedman TH, Tibshirani and R. Regularization Paths for Generalized Linear Models via Coordinate Descent. J Stat Softw, 2010; 89, 1−20.
    [6] Raudvere U, Kolberg L, Kuzmin I, et al. G: Profiler: A web server for functional enrichment analysis and conversions of gene lists (2019 update). Nucleic Acids Res, 2019.
    [7] Liu W, Li Q. An efficient elastic net with regression coefficients method for variable selection of spectrum data. PLoS ONE, 2017; 12, 1−13.
    [8] Wang TJ, Massaro JM, Levy D. A risk score for predicting stroke or death in individuals with new-onset atrial fibrillation in the community. The Framingham Heart Study. ACC Current Journal Review, 2003; 12, 54.
    [9] Assmann G, Schulte H, Cullen P, et al. Assessing risk of myocardial infarction and stroke: New data from the Prospective Cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) study. Eur J Clin Invest, 2007; 37, 925−32. doi:  10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01888.x
    [10] Kamel H, Okin P M, Elkind M S V, et al. Atrial Fibrillation and Mechanisms of Stroke: Time for a New Model. Stroke, 2016; 47, 895−900. doi:  10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.012004
  • [1] CHEN Yi Kai, WU Si Qian, LIU Wen Jun.  A Risk Assessment Model for Pancreatic Cancer Based on Cuproptosis-related Genes and Clinical Characteristics . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2023, 36(8): 768-772. doi: 10.3967/bes2023.102
    [2] LIU Zhen, MAN Qing Qing, JIA Shan Shan, SONG Peng Kun, WANG Jing Zhong, WANG Xi Le, KANG Bing Xian, YANG Li Gui, ZHANG Jian.  Folate and Vitamin B12 Status and Related Dietary Factors among the Elderly Northern and Southern Rural Chinese Population . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2021, 34(7): 552-556. doi: 10.3967/bes2021.075
    [3] LI Qiang, SHEN Qun Lun, XU Chao Nan, LI Ming Liang, MA Zhi Min, ZHANG Shan, CHEN Shuo, ZHANG Min Ying, ZHANG Jing Bo, LIU Feng, YANG Xing Hua.  A Self-test Prediction Model to Determine the Probability Risk of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2020, 33(11): 857-861. doi: 10.3967/bes2020.116
    [4] SAI Xiao Yong, CHEN Qiao, LUO Ting Gang, SUN Yuan Yuan, SONG Yu Jian, CHEN Juan.  Analysis of Factors Influencing Insomnia and Construction of a Prediction Model: A Cross-sectional Survey on Rescuers . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2020, 33(7): 502-509. doi: 10.3967/bes2020.067
    [5] ZENG Ni Mei, ZHENG Xiao Wei, PENG Hao, JIAO Yang, LI Hong Mei, ZHANG Ming Zhi, WANG Ai Li, ZHANG Yong Hong.  Validation of the China-PAR Equations for Cardio-cerebrovascular Risk Prediction in the Inner Mongolian Population . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2018, 31(6): 463-466. doi: 10.3967/bes2018.061
    [6] SONG Ying, TANG Xiao Fang, YAO Yi, HE Chen, XU Jing Jing, WANG Huan Huan, GAO Zhan, WANG Miao, YUAN Jin Qing.  Association of α2A-Adrenergic Receptor Genetic Variants with Platelet Reactivity in Chinese Patients on Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2017, 30(12): 898-906. doi: 10.3967/bes2017.120
    [7] LI Xiang, GAN Zhen Wei, DING Zhen, WU Yi Xia, CHEN Xue Yan, TIAN Hui Min, LIU Guo Liang, YANG Ye Tong, XIE Lin.  Genetic Variants in the ELOVL5 but not ELOVL2 Gene Associated with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Han Chinese Breast Milk . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2017, 30(1): 64-67. doi: 10.3967/bes2017.008
    [8] CHEN Li, SUN Ke Xin, JUAN Juan, FANG Kai, LIU Kuo, WANG Xue Yin, WANG Ling, YANG Chao, LIU Xiao Qiang, LI Jing, TANG Xun, WU Yi Qun, QIN Xue Ying, WU Tao, CHEN Da Fang, HU Yong Hua.  CDH13 Genetic Polymorphisms, Adiponectin and Ischemic Stroke: a Chinese Family-based Sib-pair Study . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2017, 30(1): 35-43. doi: 10.3967/bes2017.004
    [9] FAN Jie, LI Guo Qi, LIU Jing, WANG Wei, WANG Miao, QI Yue, XIE Wu Xiang, LIU Jun, ZHAO Fan, LI Yan, ZHAO Dong.  Impact of Cardiovascular Disease Deaths on Life Expectancy in Chinese Population . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2014, 27(3): 162-168. doi: 10.3967/bes2014.037
    [10] XU Tian, ZHANG Jin Tao, YANG Mei, ZHANG Huan, LIU Wen Qing, KONG Yan, XU Tan, ZHANG Yong Hong.  Dyslipidemia and Outcome in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2014, 27(2): 106-110. doi: 10.3967/bes2014.023
    [11] LI Mei Ling, LIN Ji, HOU Jian Guo, XU Lei, CUI Xin Gang, XU Xing Xing, YU Yong Wei, HAN Xue, WANG Guo Min, GUO Jian Ming, XU Dan Feng, THOMPSON Timothy C, CAO Guang Wen, ZHANG Hong Wei.  Environmental and Psycho-social Factors Related to Prostate Cancer Risk in the Chinese Population:a Case-control Study . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2014, 27(9): 707-717. doi: 10.3967/bes2014.089
    [12] WANG Jin Wei, TANG Xun, LI Na, WU Yi Qun, LI Shuai, LI Jin, QIN Xue Ying, ZHANG Zong Xin, HU Yong Hua, CHEN Da Fang.  The Impact of Lipid-metabolizing Genetic Polymorphisms on Body Mass Index and Their Interactions with Soybean Food Intake:A Study in a Chinese Population . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2014, 27(3): 176-185. doi: 10.3967/bes2014.039
    [13] LI Jing Yun, WANG Sheng, HE Li Hua, WU Shan Shan, YANG Lei, YU Shan Fa, LI Li Ping, WANG Jian Xin, HUANG Yan Di.  Risk Factors of Low Back Pain among the Chinese Occupational Population:A Case-control Study . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2012, 25(4): 421-429. doi: 10.3967/0895-3988.2012.04.007
    [14] PAN YangXing, QI BaoShen, ZHOU XiaoMei, HAN ShaoMei, ZHANG Xue, ZHANG ZhengGuo, ZHU GuangJin.  Differences in Heart Stroke Volume between Han and Korean-Chinese Nationalities and Correlative Factors . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2011, 24(3): 249-254. doi: 10.3967/0895-3988.2011.03.007
    [15] JIA LiHong, SHEN XueLi, FAN Rui, SUN Yan, PAN XingYue, YANH HongMei, LIU Lu.  Risk Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Elderly Chinese Population in Shenyang of China . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2011, 24(5): 506-511. doi: 10.3967/0895-3988.2011.05.008
    [16] HU Ying, CHEN ErJun, MU Yue, LI JinLu, CHEN RenJi.  BHMT Gene Polymorphisms as Risk Factors for Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate in a Chinese Population . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2011, 24(2): 89-93. doi: 10.3967/0895-3988.2011.02.001
    [17] CHANG-QING YING, SONG-BIN FU, QUN XU, WEI-JUN TONG, MING-WU FANG, ZHENG-LAI WU, CHANG-CHUN QIU, YONG-HONG ZHANG.  Multiple Risk Factor Clustering and Risk of Hypertension in the Mongolian Ethnic Population of China . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2007, 20(5): 381-385.
    [18] HE-SHAN GE, YAN-FENG HONG.  A Prediction Model of MF Radiation in Environmental Assessment . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2006, 19(5): 405-408.
    [19] Bin Yao, HAN-RONG WU.  Risk Factors of Learning Disabilities in Chinese Children in Wuhan . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2003, 16(4): 392-397.
    [20] CHEN HUAI_HONG, ZHOU JNU-FU.  Low Cholesterol in Erythrocyte Membranes and High Lipoperoxides in Erythrocytes Are the Potential Risk Factors for Cerebral Hemorrhagic Stroke in Human . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2001, 14(3): 189-198.
  • 加载中
图(3) / 表ll (7)
计量
  • 文章访问数:  950
  • HTML全文浏览量:  724
  • PDF下载量:  57
  • 被引次数: 0
出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2020-11-07
  • 录用日期:  2021-06-28
  • 刊出日期:  2021-08-20

A Risk Prediction Model for Ischemic Stroke in Southern Chinese Population: Impact of Multiple Genetic Variants and Clinical/Lifestyle Factors

doi: 10.3967/bes2021.089
    基金项目:  This work was supported by the Program for Zhejiang Leading Team of Science and Technology Innovation [grant number: No. 2011R50021]; Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number: No. LQ16H260002]; and it was also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number: No.81402762]
    作者简介:

    YE Cheng Yin, female, born in 1985, PhD, majoring in electronic medical data mining and health risk assessment research

    LI Jin Mei, female, born in 1995, Bachelor, majoring in health risk assessment research

    通讯作者: XU Guo Zhang, Tel: 86-574- 87274539; E-mail: xugz@nbcdc.org.cnYANG Lei, PhD, Tel: 86-571-28865010; E-mail: yanglei62@hznu.edu.cn
注释:

English Abstract

YE Cheng Yin, LI Jin Mei, WU Jing Hua, LI Zheng, XIAO Juan, YIN Xiao Yu, WANG Da Hui, XU Guo Zhang, YANG Lei. A Risk Prediction Model for Ischemic Stroke in Southern Chinese Population: Impact of Multiple Genetic Variants and Clinical/Lifestyle Factors[J]. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2021, 34(8): 641-645. doi: 10.3967/bes2021.089
Citation: YE Cheng Yin, LI Jin Mei, WU Jing Hua, LI Zheng, XIAO Juan, YIN Xiao Yu, WANG Da Hui, XU Guo Zhang, YANG Lei. A Risk Prediction Model for Ischemic Stroke in Southern Chinese Population: Impact of Multiple Genetic Variants and Clinical/Lifestyle Factors[J]. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2021, 34(8): 641-645. doi: 10.3967/bes2021.089
  • With a global prevalence of 7.7 million, ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. In China, IS alone contributed to 69.6% of stroke events and accounted for 37.1% of the mortality/disability rate[1]. IS is a complex disease that is known to be associated with various genetic variants and clinical and lifestyle risk factors[2]. Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) provided evidence for the occurrence of more than 160 IS‐associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In terms of clinical risk factors, patients with a history of chronic diseases like hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus, display a higher risk of developing IS. Among the various lifestyle components, leading a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and having an unhealthy diet are known to be associated with the risk of IS. Thus, integration of various genetic, clinical, and lifestyle variables might prove to be highly beneficial in the prediction and prevention of IS at the individual level[3].

    The present study aimed to construct a risk prediction model for IS by simultaneous incorporation of both genetic variants and clinical/lifestyle indicators. The study involved a prospective cohort of the Southern Chinese population. It is expected that the proposed model could be validated externally, and the obtained significant features would assist in the interpretation of IS risk in the Chinese population, with a particular focus on IS risk prediction at the individual level.

    The study was conducted on subjects belonging to four community health service centers in the Ningbo City of Zhejiang Province. Initially, a total of 2,349 participants aged ≥ 40 years without any history of IS were recruited from April–July 2013. Detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria followed in the present study are described in Supplementary Figure S1 (available in www.besjournal.com). The clinical and physical parameters included in the present study were strictly defined. The information regarding the demographic and lifestyle characteristics of the subjects was collected using a standard questionnaire. The salient features of the questionnaire are demonstrated in Supplementary Table S1 (available in www.besjournal.com). After a follow up period of three years, the updated records for each participant containing information regarding the occurrence of any IS incidence were obtained from the electronic health record database. During this 3-year follow up, the individuals that were first diagnosed with heart failure, atrial fibrillation, or myocardial infarction were excluded from the study as such diagnoses might lead to significant changes in their lifestyles, which might further act as confounding factors in the present study. Consequently, 236 participants were excluded, and a total of 2,113 individuals were included in the study.

    Figure S1.  Study design.

    Table S1.  Definition and classification of features collected in our study

    FeaturesDefinition/Classification
    Ischemic StrokeDiagnostic criteria from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association in 2013; Diagnostic tools: brain computerized tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical characterization.
    Anthropometry parametersHeight, weight and waist circumference were measured by regular methods during physical examination; Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight (kg)/height square (m2).
    Systolic/diastolic blood
    pressure (SBP/DBP)
    Measured by regular methods during physical examination.
    Plasma concentrations of
    TC, TG, HDL-c and LDL-c
    Measured by a Hitachi 7180 biochemistry automatic analyzer.
    DyslipidemiaDetermined by one of the following four criteria: 1.Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) ≥ 3.37mmol/L; 2.High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) ≤ 1.04mmol/L’ 3.Total cholesterol (TC) ≥ 5.18mmol/L; 4.Triglyceride (TG) ≥ 1.7mmol/L.
    HypertensionSystolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg or having a history of antihypertensive-drug consumption.
    Smoking“Yes”: Smoke ≥ 1cigarette or more per day in the last 12 months. “No”: Smoke < 1 cigarette per day in the last 12 months.
    Egg intake3 levels: Eat < 1/week; 1-4/week; > 5/week in the last 12 months.
    Salt intake3 levels: Intake < 6g/day; 6-9g/day; > 9g/day in the last 12 months.
    Fruit/vegetable intake“Seldom”: consuming less than 50g/day in the last 12 months. “Regular”: consuming 50g/day in the last 12 months.
    Mile/soymilk intake“Seldom”: consuming less than 200ml/day in the last 12 months; “Regular”: consuming 200ml/day in the last 12 months.
    Red meat/fish/chicken/
    dessert intake
    “Seldom”: consuming this food less than once a week in the last 12 months. “≥ 1 times/week”: consuming this food at least once a week in the last 12 months.
    Physical activity“Sedentary”: occupations that require little exercise at work, such as office workers; “Light”: occupations that need to stand for a relatively long time at work, such as salesmen, waiters and teachers; “Moderate”: occupations that required long hours of walking, pushing or pulling at work, such as cleaning services; “Heavy”: occupations that required strenuous effort and extensive total body movements such as dancers, construction workers.

    Initially, the target SNPs were identified and selected from IS-related genetic studies using common databases. A standard SNP selection process was implemented, which was previously established by Li et al.[4]. For genotyping, a total of 102 SNPs were selected (Supplementary Table S2 available in www.besjournal.com). For blood sample collection, the participants were subjected to overnight fasting, and samples were drawn by venipuncture, collected in vials containing anticoagulant EDTA, and preserved at −80 ℃. DNA was extracted using Tiangen Blood Genomic DNA extraction kits. For genotyping, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/ligase detection reaction (LDR) were adopted. The PCR reactions contained 1 µL genomic DNA, 1.5 µL 10× PCR buffer, 1.5 µL MgCl2, 0.3 µL dNTPs, 0.15 µL each primer, and 0.2 µL Taq DNA polymerase in a total volume of 15 µL, and were performed in an ABI Prism 7000 Sequence Detection System with an initial melting at 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 15 s, annealing at 55 °C for 15 s, extension at 72 °C for 30 s, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min. Each ligation reaction included 3 µL PCR product, 1 µL 10× Taq DNA ligase buffer, 5 U Taq DNA ligase, and 0.01 µL each discriminating probe in a total volume of 10 µL, and was carried out in 30 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s and 56 °C for 3 min. Re‐sequencing results for 10% of the samples showed that the concordance rates were > 95% for all target SNPs.

    Table S2.  The reported association between 102 SNPs or its genes and IS or IS-related diseases/conditions

    SNPAssociated with IS or IS-related
    diseases/conditions (SNP)
    GeneAssociated with IS or IS-related diseases/
    conditions (Gene)
    rs11646692BCO1Coronary atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia
    rs6564851Carotenoid and tocopherol levels
    rs12934922BCO1Coronary atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia
    rs7501331BCO1Coronary atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia
    rs671Coronary artery disease, Body mass index (BMI), triglycerides (TG)
    rs1229984Cardiovascular disease, systolic blood pressure (SBP),
    rs2479409Low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (LDL-c), et al.
    rs17111503LDL-c, total cholesterol levels (TC), at al.
    rs2483205PCSK9Coronary atherosclerotic lesion
    extension and calcification
    rs662145PCSK9Coronary atherosclerotic lesion
    extension and calcification
    rs11583680PCSK9Coronary atherosclerotic lesion
    extension and calcification
    rs111563724PCSK9Coronary atherosclerotic lesion
    extension and calcification
    rs2738466LDLRCoronary heart disease
    rs1003723LDLR, MIR6886Coronary artery disease,
    plasma lipid levels
    rs6413504LDLRCoronary artery disease,
    plasma lipid levels
    rs17845226ANXA2LDL-c, Coronary heart disease
    rs8025278SLC12A1, LOC107984755Hypertension
    rs12438818SLC12A1, LOC107984755Hypertension
    rs11643718SLC12A3Coronary atherosclerotic lesion
    extension and calcification
    rs5805SLC12A3Coronary atherosclerotic lesion
    extension and calcification
    rs3812963SLC12A3Coronary atherosclerotic lesion
    extension and calcification
    rs4784733SLC12A3Coronary atherosclerotic lesion
    extension and calcification
    rs3782724Obesity (early onset extreme)
    rs2228576SCNN1AInsulin resistance
    rs7205273SCNN1Bstroke
    rs7200183SCNN1GHypertension
    rs675759KCNJ1Serum Lipid Profile
    rs675388KCNJ1Serum Lipid Profile
    rs2846679KCNJ1, LOC107984409Serum Lipid Profile
    rs1148058KCNJ1Serum Lipid Profile
    rs4299376Coronary artery disease
    rs964184Coronary artery disease
    rs693TC, et al.
    rs515135Coronary artery disease, LDL-c, et al.
    rs5167TG, high density lipoprotein
    cholesterol levels (HDL-c)
    rs4420638Coronary artery disease, LDL-c, et al.
    rs3764261HDL-c, TG, et al.
    rs10401969LDL-c, et al.
    rs10889353TG, et al.
    rs174547HDL-c, TG, et al.
    rs4846914HDL-c, et al.
    rs1260326Cardiovascular disease risk factors, TG, et al.
    rs12654264LDL-c, et al.
    rs1800961HDL-c, et al.
    rs16942887HDL-c, TG, et al.
    rs5929LDLRCoronary artery disease, plasma lipid levels
    rs2650000LDL-c
    rs1800588HDL-c, TG, et al.
    rs4939883HDL-c, TC, et al.
    rs7241918HDL-c, TC, et al.
    rs328TG, HDL-c, et al.
    rs17145738TG, et al.
    rs16996148LDL-c, TG
    rs3812316TG, et al.
    rs12130333TG, TC
    rs17321515TG, TC, et al.
    rs7493Yu-Zhi constitution type in type 2 diabetes
    rs629301LDL-c, et al.
    rs2954029Coronary artery disease,
    Coronary artery disease, et al.
    rs4149269ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2472433ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2740486ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2515616Waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI
    rs2472386HDL-c
    rs2740479C-reactive protein levels
    rs4149264ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs4149339ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2515617ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2254884ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2065412ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2472377ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs4149336ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2297406ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs6479282ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs4743764ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2740484ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs11789818ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2575876HDL-c in current drinkers,
    TG in current drinkers, et al.
    rs2482433ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2515614ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs4743763ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2000069ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs10820743ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs2472510ABCA1Coronary artery disease
    rs4665273ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs1127568ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs6751537ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs7608976ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs11689546ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs7604576ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs7593130ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs2241759ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs2278485ADCY3, LOC105377626Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs1344840ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs4077678BMI, Childhood obesity
    rs10187348ADCY3Carotid plaque formation, obesity
    rs10431036BCO2Ischemic stroke
    rs11214109BCO2Ischemic stroke
    rs12420476BCO2Ischemic stroke
    rs13328843BCO2Ischemic stroke
    rs11641677BCO1Coronary atherosclerosis
    rs6939861TFEB, MIR10398Cardiovascular diseases
    rs11759908Estimated glomerular filtration rate, estimated
    glomerular filtration rate in non-diabetics

    In the present study, elastic net regression was adopted for the modeling process[5]. In particular, this method introduces ℓ2‐norm and ℓ1‐norm penalties into the regularization term to deal with high correlation variables and estimates a series of coefficients $ {\widehat{\beta }}_{Elastic} $ as per the following Equation:

    $$\begin{split} {\widehat{\beta }}_{Elastic}=\;&{argmin}_{\beta }\left[ - \sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\left\{{y}_{i}log\left({\pi }_{i}\right)+\left(1-{y}_{i}\right)log\left(1-{\pi }_{i}\right)\right\}+\right.\\ &\left.{\lambda}_{1}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{p}\left|{\beta }_{j}\right|+{\lambda}_{2}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{p}{\beta }_{j}^{2}\right] \end{split}$$

    Here, $ {y}_{i}\in \left\{\mathrm{0,1}\right\} $ denotes the response variable and ${\pi }_{i}=p({y}_{i}=1\left|{x}_{i})\right.=\dfrac{\mathit{exp}\left({x}_{i}^{T}\beta \right)}{1+\mathit{exp}\left({x}_{i}^{T}\beta \right)},i=\mathrm{ }\mathrm{1,2},\cdots ,n.$ The tuning parameters λ1 and λ2 determine the regularized logistic regression solution and coefficient estimates. In this study, 102 SNPs and 27 clinical/lifestyle covariates were used in the construction of IS risk prediction model. Individuals’ final risk scores were obtained, and they were further classified into three IS risk categories (high/intermediate/low). In particular, positive predictive values (PPVs), sensitivity, and specificity were calculated. The discriminative ability of the constructed models was measured in terms of the area under curves (AUC). In terms of the given captured predictors, the impact of various risk profiles on IS was evaluated, and R software, version 3.6.1, was used for analysis. Further, for the identification of KEGG/Reactome pathways and gene ontology (GO) function interpretations, the enrichment analysis tool g:Profiler was adopted[6].

    Among 2,113 participants recruited in this study, 3.17% were newly diagnosed with IS by August 2016. Supplementary Table S3 (available in www.besjournal.com) summarizes the baseline features, which were statistically compared between cases and controls. Interestingly, age, height, SBP, clinical history of hypertension, and dietary habits involving the consumption of egg, red meat, chicken, and fish showed significant differences between cases and controls, with P < 0.05.

    Table S3.  Comparison of baseline features in individuals with or without IS

    CharacteristicsCase (n = 67)Control
    (n = 2,046)
    t/z/χ2P value
    Age, Mean (IQR), y70.7 (12)58.6 (17)8.88< 0.001
    Sex, n (%)0.160.88
     Male30 (44.78)936 (54.25)
     Female37 (55.22)1,110 (45.75)
    Education level, n (%)−1.920.05
     ≤ Primary school57 (85.07)1,456 (71.16)
     Middle school7 (10.45)517 (25.27)
     ≥ High school3 (4.48)73 (3.57)
    Height, Mean (IQR), cm157.6 (12.5)160.4 (11)−2.760.005
    Weight, Mean (IQR), kg57.94 (12.5)59.97 (13)−1.650.10
    Waist, Mean (IQR), cm82.4 (13)81.3 (11)1.130.26
    BMI, Mean (IQR), kg/m223.3 (4.01)23.3 (3.95)0.080.93
    SBP, Mean (IQR), mmHg145.1 (26.5)133.9 (28)4.77< 0.001
    DBP, Mean (IQR), mmHg83.4 (13)81.66 (17)1.140.25
    TC, Mean (IQR), mmol/L5 (1.445)4.9 (1.238)1.120.26
    TG, Mean (IQR), mmol/L1.4 (0.84)1.4 (0.78)−0.180.85
    HDL-c, Mean (IQR), mmol/L1.2 (0.28)1.3 (0.37)−1.50.13
    LDL-c, Mean (IQR), mmol/L3.2 (1.19)3.1 (1.1)0.910.36
    Dyslipidemia, n (%)38 (56.72)1,163 (56.84)−0.020.98
    Hypertension, n (%)46 (68.66)939 (45.9)3.56< 0.001
    Smoking, n (%)0.370.71
     Yes18 (26.87)538 (26.3)
     No49 (73.13)1,508 (73.7)
    Egg intake, n (%)−2.090.04
     < 1 /week28 (41.8)558 (27.3)
     1–4 /week31 (46.3)1,206 (58.9)
     > 5 /week8 (11.9)282 (13.8)
    Salt intake, n (%)1.20.23
     < 6 g/day39 (58.2)1,389 (67.9)
     6–9 g/day25 (37.3)546 (26.7)
     > 9 g/day3 (4.5)111 (5.4)
    Fruit intake, n (%)−1.780.07
     Seldom (< 50 g/day)29 (43.3)671 (32.8)
     Regular (≥ 50 g/day)38 (56.7)1,375 (67.2)
    Vegetable intake, n (%)0.020.99
     Seldom (< 50 g/day)28 (1.4)0 (0)
     Regular (≥ 50 g/day)2018 (98.6)67 (100)
    Milk intake, n (%)0.020.98
     Seldom (< 200 mL/day)42 (62.69)1,312 (64.13)
     Regular (≥ 200 mL/day)25 (37.31)734 (35.87)
    Soymilk intake, n (%)−0.620.54
     Seldom (< 200 mL/day)50 (74.63)1,514 (74)
     Regular (≥ 200 mL/day)17 (25.37)532 (26)
    Red meat intake, n (%)−4.13< 0.001
     Seldom16 (23.88)172 (8.4)
     ≥ 1 times/week51 (76.12)1,874 (91.6)
    Fish intake, n (%)−4.13< 0.001
     Seldom13 (19.4)149 (7.28)
     ≥ 1 times/week54 (80.6)1,897 (92.72)
    Chicken intake, n (%)−2.10.04
     Seldom27 (40.3)581 (28.4)
     ≥ 1 times/week40 (59.7)1,465 (71.6)
    Dessert intake, n (%)−0.80.43
     Seldom24 (35.8)639 (31.2)
     ≥ 1 times/week43 (64.2)1,407 (68.8)
    Physical activity, n (%)0.120.90
     Sedentary13 (19.4)259 (12.66)
     Light34 (50.75)1,182 (57.78)
     Moderate9 (13.43)426 (20.82)
     Heavy11 (16.42)179 (8.74)

    At the initial genetic‐based modeling stage, elastic net regression was applied on 102 SNPs selected from common databases. Further, the performance of all candidate models was evaluated using 10-fold cross‐validation, and the model with the highest fitted AUC value was recognized as the best model. As shown in Figure 1, the derived/resulting genetic model captured 15 SNPs and was characterized by a fitted AUC of 0.691 (95% CI: 0.627–0.755). Following this, the model‐driven genetic risk scores were calculated for each individual and utilized for the construction of the full model. In the next stage, 27 clinical/lifestyle covariates, including three demographic features, four anthropometric parameters, six clinical measurements, clinical history of two diseases, and 12 lifestyle variables, were used along with the model‐driven genetic risk scores for further modeling. Finally, a complete model for IS risk prediction was generated, with a fitted AUC of 0.846 (95% CI: 0.803–0.89). This model identified four parameters, including age, model‐driven genetic risk score, SBP, and fish intake, as important predictors of IS risk (Figure 1 and Supplementary Table S4 available in www.besjournal.com).

    Figure 1.  The ROC Curves of the genetic-based model and the full IS risk prediction model

    Table S4.  The coefficients of 15 SNPs adopted by the genetic-based IS-risk model and 4 significant features identified by the full IS-risk model

    Genetic-based IS-risk model
    SNPCoefficientGeneAssociated with IS or IS-related diseases/ conditionsPMID
    rs18009610.56226531HNF4AIS22403240
    rs42993760.39578499ABCG8LDL-c26043746
    rs22784850.23077208ADCY3Cardiovascular disease28985495
    rs108893530.13749869DOCK7TG, LDL-c26744084
    rs29540290.10619992TRIB1IS31250580
    rs173215150.08371697TRIB1IS30787327
    rs51670.08041245APOC2Cardiovascular disease29367937
    rs101873480.02155788ADCY3Obesity30704512
    rs115836800.02063195PCSK9LDL-c28577571
    rs12299840.01210608ADH1BAlcohol dependence30994927
    rs25758760.011446ABCA1IS28865324
    rs4939883−0.14570917LOC105372112HDL-c22174694
    rs11643718−0.10686348SLC12A3LDL-c28166833
    rs7493−0.07784675PON2IS28566152
    rs693−0.01463697APOBIS29416768
    Full IS-risk model
    FeaturesCoefficientsPMID
    Age0.42761054130010821
    Genetic risk score0.332308739——
    SBP0.0041383928097354
    Fish intake−0.00497684915155968
    Note. “——” Genetic risk score is a combined feature derived from the genetic-based IS-risk model, thus its PMID is not available.

    The resulting full model was further used to calculate the IS-risk scores for each participant. Subsequently, the participants were classified into three risk categories (Supplementary Table S5 available in www.besjournal.com). Eventually, 68.34% of 2,113 participants corresponded to the low‐risk group, with only 0.76% of these participants developing IS during a 3-year follow up period. In comparison to this, the intermediate and high‐risk groups included 27.64% and 4.02% of the participants. Importantly, 5.82% and 25.88% of the subjects belonging to intermediate and high‐risk groups, respectively, developed IS within three years. Interestingly, the risk of developing IS was found to be 34-times higher in participants belonging to the high‐risk category as compared with those categorized into the low‐risk group. These results further highlighted that the generated model displayed a good discriminatory ability to identify patients with a high risk of IS.

    Table S5.  The performance of the full IS-risk model in the three risk categories (high/intermediate/low)

    Risk categoryLow riskIntermediate riskHigh riskTotal
    Number of Observations1444584852113
    Cases11342267
    PPV0.76%5.82%25.88%3.17%
    Observation%68.34%27.64%4.02%100.00%
    Sensitivity16.42%50.74%32.84%100.00%
    Specificity70.04%26.88%3.08%100.00%
    Relative Risk0.231.8910.661

    Further, the results of the univariate analysis revealed that the four recognized features were independently associated with IS (Supplementary Table S6 available in www.besjournal.com). In particular, individuals aged ≥ 60 years (OR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.39–4.95), having elevated SBP (regression coefficient: 11.30, 95% CI: 6.66–15.93), or those with increased genetic risk (regression coefficient: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.51–0.91) displayed inflated IS risk. On the contrary, the dietary intake of fish reduced the risk of IS (OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.57–0.86). In order to investigate the relative risk of IS, individuals were further classified into various risk profiles. For three captured features of age, SBP, and fish intake, the individuals were defined as “healthy” for clinical/lifestyle exposures if the individual were aged < 60 years, had < 140 mmHg SBP, and consumed fish at least once a week, whereas the subjects were categorized as “intermediate” healthy ones if they fulfilled only two of the three criteria defined for “healthy” exposures. In cases where the subjects fulfilled either one or none of the aforementioned criteria, these were categorized as “unhealthy”. Additionally, the derived genetic risk scores were used to generate three genetic risk strata, wherein the top third were treated as high genetic risk and the bottom third as low risk. As shown in Table 1, the relative risk of IS gradually increased as individuals’ clinical/lifestyle exposures changed from healthy to unhealthy status and genetic susceptibility changed from low to high. Thus, the subjects with “unhealthy” clinical/lifestyle status and “high” genetic risk displayed the highest relative risk of IS (RR: 15.60, 95% CI: 3.75–64.96) as compared to the reference group. Interestingly, the participants with “low” genetic risk but “unhealthy” clinical/lifestyle status displayed higher IS risk than the individuals with “high” genetic risk but “healthy” non‐genetic status (RR: 5.50, 95% CI: 1.20–25.20). These results highlighted a stronger cumulative impact of the non‐genetic exposures on IS risk than the genetic profiles.

    Table S6.  The univariate analysis results for the captured features.

    CharacteristicsCase (N = 67)Control (N = 2,046)OR/Regression coefficient (95% CI)P
    Genetic risk score, Mean (IQR)3.854 (1.161)3.148 (0.95)0.71 (0.51–0.91)< 0.001
    Age, n (%)
     40–493 (4.48)546 (26.69)
     50–593 (4.48)565 (27.61)0.97 (0.18–5.24)0.97
     60–6919 (28.36)604 (29.52)2.39 (1.39–4.95)0.01
     > 7042 (62.68)331 (16.18)2.85 (2.03–4.58)< 0.001
    SBP, Mean (IQR)145.1 (26.5)133.9 (28)11.30 (6.66–15.93)< 0.001
    Fish intake, n (%)0.70 (0.57–0.86)< 0.001
    Never13 (19.40)149 (7.28)
    > 1 times/week54 (80.60)1,897 (92.72)

    Table 1.  Relative risk of IS for combined genetic and non-genetic profiles

    Clinical/lifestyle exposureGenetic risk
    LowIntermediateHigh
    Healthy1 (reference)
    Intermediate2.83 (0.55–14.42)
    P = 0.21
    6.74 (1.54–29.56)
    P = 0.011
    Unhealthy5.50 (1.20–25.20)
    P = 0.028
    6.90 (1.56–30.51)
    P = 0.011
    15.60 (3.75–64.96)
    P < 0.001

    Among the 15 captured SNPs, 6 SNPs or their genes, including rs1800961, rs2954029, rs17321515, rs2575876, rs7493, and rs693, were shown to be directly associated with IS, whereas the remaining 9 recognized SNPs or genes affected IS‐related conditions (Supplementary Table S4). In particular, rs4939883 was reported to be associated with HDL‐c level, rs10889353 contributed to variations in TG levels, and rs4299376, PCSK9 (rs11583680), and SLC12A3 (rs11643718) were LDL‐associated variants. Besides these, rs1229984 was a risk factor associated with alcohol dependence that may increase the risk of IS via alcohol‐induced sympathetic activation, whereas ADCY3 (rs10187348) was a risk factor linked to obesity.

    For the identification of KEGG/Reactome pathways and GO functional interpretations, enrichment analysis was performed for 15 captured SNPs via g:GOSt module of g:Profiler tool set (Figure 2)[6]. For multiple testing adjustments, g:SCS threshold was set to 0.001. Consequently, the captured SNPs were enriched to signaling pathways linked to cholesterol metabolism (KEGG: 04979, adjusted P = 2.471 × 10−6), fat digestion and absorption (KEGG:04975, Padjusted = 2.225 × 10−4), plasma lipoprotein assembly (REAC: R‐HSA‐8963898, Padjusted = 1.821 × 10−4), and transport of small molecules (REAC:R‐HSA‐382551, Padjusted = 4.604 × 10−4). In terms of the biological domain, the captured SNPs aggregated to cholesterol (GO: 0120020, Padjusted = 4.505 × 10−5), sterol (GO: 0120015, Padjusted = 5.298 × 10−5), and lipid (GO: 0120013, Padjusted = 5.686 × 10−4) transfer activities for molecular function (MF) domain. For the biological process (BP) domain, these SNPs functionally enriched to the lipid/cholesterol/sterol homeostasis (GO: 0055088, 0042632, 0055092, with Padjusted < 6 × 10−6). According to human phenotype ontology, the identified SNPs were found to be significantly related to certain diseases, including premature coronary artery atherosclerosis, myocardial steatosis, and cerebral artery atherosclerosis.

    Figure 2.  The P-value plot of enriched pathways and functional domains for the 15 captured SNPs

    In research settings, when collinear predictors greatly outnumber the available number of samples (P > n), ordinary regression is subjected to overfitting and coefficient instability. Comparatively, the use of the elastic net regression model allows us to control the total number of involved variables using the penalty parameter λ and capture groups of potentially highly correlated variables to build a sparse model that is immune to overfitting[5]. The robustness of elastic net regression in addressing multicollinearity and overfitting has been previously established[7]. To verify the same in this study, the data were further divided into construction and validation sets at a ratio of 9:1, and the validation procedure was introduced. The newly generated IS-risk model achieved a fitted AUC of 0.835 on the construction set and a validated AUC of 0.81 on the validation set. These values were slightly lower than the fitted AUC of the original model (0.846). These variations might be attributed to a certain degree of overfitting. Besides this, the occurrence of an insufficient number of cases (n = 60) and samples in the construction set after splitting the data could also have acted as contributing factor, resulting in a less‐comprehensive prediction model that identified only a subset of important risk factors and had reduced power of prediction.

    Several previous studies attempted the construction of risk prediction models for both “all‐stroke” and/or “IS‐only”. Similar to the present case, these tools were also developed using common lifestyles, medical conditions, or genetic variants involved in lipid/cholesterol metabolism, statin pathways, or cerebral artery atherosclerosis[3, 8, 9]. These findings highlighted that different subtypes of IS could be induced by similar lifestyle and genetic risk factors[2]. Recently, an atrial substrate model was proposed by Kamel et al.[10] illustrating that aging and other common vascular risk factors like unhealthy lifestyles may simultaneously be involved in distinct etiologies underlying different IS subtypes. In particular, these factors could induce an abnormal atrial tissue substrate to cause AF and thromboembolic stroke, and also trigger large‐artery atherosclerosis, ventricular systolic dysfunction, or in situ cerebral small‐vessel occlusion, leading to thrombotic stroke. Nevertheless, different subtypes of IS are still characterized by their unique triggers and pathological mechanisms. Therefore, to reveal the unique etiologies of IS subtypes, it is important and necessary to build specific predictive tools for each subtype of IS.

    The present study had certain limitations. The original model derived in this study could not be validated owing to the limited number of cases and sample size. Thus, future studies should apply this model to an independent dataset to verify its accuracy. Additionally, the measurements or classifications of some lifestyle factors used in this study were not standardized, which might further limit the application of this model in external settings.

    For fatal diseases that affect populations all across the globe, the development of robust, individualized disease risk assessment tools is the first step toward precision medicine and health care. In the present study, a new tool was generated for IS risk prediction, which involved 15 captured SNPs and three clinical/lifestyle predictors. The results of the study highlighted the suitability of this new tool in IS risk recognition in the Chinese population at the individual level. Additionally, this tool might assist in providing valuable information regarding the implications of various factors in IS etiology.

    The authors thank the investigators and participants for their contribution to this study.

    The authors declare no conflict of interest.

    The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Hangzhou Normal University (No. 2013020).

参考文献 (10)

目录

    /

    返回文章
    返回