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The research protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, and written informed consent was obtained from the patients. Blood specimens from human cases infected with clade 2.3.4 H5N1 virus were collected on days 12 and 21 after disease onset in 2009, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stored in liquid nitrogen. B cell culture, screening of Abs, and B cell cloning were performed as previously reported[25,26]. Briefly, CD19+ B cells were isolated from the recovered PBMCs using magnetic beads (STEMCELL, Vancouver, Canada) and cultured in 96-well plates at a density of 20 cells per well in the presence of 2 × 104 irradiated CD40L expressing 3T3 cells per well, 20 ng/mL hIL-2, 1 μg/mL CpG2006, and 10 ng/mL hIL-21 for 10 d[27]. H5-positive B cells were screened by an ELISA test with the supernatants of B cells binding to recombinant H5 (rH5) of A/Hubei/1/2011 (clade 2.3.2, HB-H5N1). The recombinant HAs used for ELISA were produced by using a baculovirus expression system and purified by Ni Sepharose (GE Healthcare Europe). Light-chain typing was carried by modified rH5-ELISA with HRP-anti-κ or anti-λ Abs (Southern Biotech, AL, USA). H5-positive B cells were further screened via the rH7 (A/Zhejiang/1/2013) binding test and neutralization test (NT) with H5N1 pseudotype particles (pps). H5N1 pps were generated as described previously[28], and the corresponding HA and NA of A/Guangxi/1/2008 (H5N1, clade 2.3.4) were used. Lysates of the cells in candidate wells were prepared, and the variable genes of heavy (H) and light (L) chains were amplified by RT-PCR and inserted into the IgG-Ab vector with the constant genes of Igγ1, κ1, or λ1. At least 10 variable gene clones for H/L (κ or λ) were analyzed from each candidate well. The Ab gene pairing was screened by transient transfection of human kidney 293T cells with each variable gene of H/L from the same candidate well for 48 h and assayed by rH5-ELISA binding. Abs were produced by transient transfection of human kidney 293T cells and subsequent purification by protein G columns from the culture supernatants.
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Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were infected by influenza viruses at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1–2. After 14 h, the cells were detached by 0.25% trypsin-EDTA and incubated with the tested Abs at 2.5 μg/mL for 1 h. The cells were washed and then stained with fluorescein-conjugated anti-human IgG serum. Stained cells were analyzed by using a FACS Aria II system with FACS Diva software (BD, San Diego, CA, USA). Infectivity was confirmed by anti-nucleoprotein (NP) staining. The viruses used in this work, including wild strains and reassortant viruses bearing HA and NA from the corresponding virus and the internal genes of A/Puerto Rico/8/1934, are described in Table 1. All viruses were propagated in embryonated chicken eggs, and virus titers were determined in terms of mean 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) per milliliter on MDCK cells by NP ELISA.
Virus name Abbreviation HA Group/Cluster HA-binding IC50 (μg/mL) 2-12D5 3-32G7.1 2-12D5 3-32G7.1 A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) PR8-H1N1 1/H1a + + 20 > 80 A/Guangdong/51/2008 (H1N1) GD-H1N1 1/H1a + + 20 40 A/Shanghai/1/2009 (H1N1pdm09) SH-H1N1 1/H1a + + 12.5 2.2 RG A/Hubei/1/2011 (H5N1, clade 2.3.2) RG HB-H5 1/H1a + + 20 10 RG A/Beijing/1/2003 (H5N1, clade 7) RG BJ-H5 1/H1a + + 5 2.5 RG A/Guangdong/1/2014 (H5N6, clade 2.3.4) GD-H5N6 1/H1a + + 20 2.5 A/waste water/GX/2/2010 (H6N2) GX-H6N2 1/H1a + + 2.5 > 80 A/Hong Kong/33982/2009 (H9N2) HK-H9N2 1/H9 + − 20 > 80 A/Env/JX-PYH/376/2014 (H11N3) JX-H11N3 1/H1b + − > 80 > 80 A/Env/JX-PYH/1102/2014 (H12N5) JX-H12N5 1/H9 + − > 80 > 80 A/Env/QHH/166/2012 (H13N8) QH-H13N8 1/H1b − − > 80 > 80 A/Hong Kong/01/1968 (H3N2) HK-H3N2 2/H3 − − > 160 > 160 A/Env/Guangdong/15188/2015 (H4N2) HN-H4N2 2/H3 − − > 160 > 160 RG A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) AH-H7N9 2/H7 − − > 160 > 160 RG A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016 (H7N9) GD-H7N9 2/H7 − − > 160 > 160 RG A/Jiangxi/346/2013 (H10N8) JX-H10N8 2/H7 − − > 160 > 160 Note. ‘+’ denotes binding. ‘−’ denotes no binding. RG denotes a recombinant virus bearing the HA and NA from the corresponding virus and the internal genes of A/puerto Rico/8/1934. Table 1. The binding and neutralizing activity of 2-12D5 and 3-37G7.1 to influenza viruses
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CR6261 was transiently expressed according to the VH/L sequence (GenBank HI919029.1/GenBank HI919031.1) and purified using protein G. ELISA plates were coated with the rH5 of HB-H5N1. Two fold serial dilution of 2-12D5, 3-32G7.1, and a control containing an unrelated Ab ranging from 5 μg/mL to 80 μg/mL, were mixed with biotinylated CR6261 at the EC50, respectively, and then added to the plates. After co-incubation for 1 h, binding of the biotinylated Abs was detected using a 1:200 dilution of HRP-streptavidin (R&D, MN, USA). The percentage of biotinylated CR6261 bound to rH5 of HB-H5N1 was calculated from the OD450 of biotinylated CR6261 with the test Abs divided by the OD450 of biotinylated CR6261 without Abs.
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MDCK cells growing in 96-well plates were infected with influenza viruses (Table 1) for 1 h at 37 °C. The virus inocula were washed off, and the cells were overlaid with 2.4% Avicell supplemented with mAbs and 1 μg/mL TPCK-treated trypsin. Approximately 30–50 plaque-forming units (PFUs) of viruses were used, and the cells were processed by staining with anti-NP after 22 h of incubation. The number of plaques was counted by AID ELISPOT reader. The data were analyzed by using Prism software (GraphPad), and the concentration at which a mAb inhibited 50% of the plaques (IC50) was calculated using a nonlinear regression.
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Cytotoxicity was determined as described previously[28]. Briefly, lung epithelial A549 cells were infected with the A/Shanghai/1/2009 (2009 pdmH1N1, SH-H1N1) or RG A/Guangdong/1/2014 (H5N6, GD-H5N6) viruses at an MOI of 5 for 14 h, detached, and then stained with different concentrations of the tested Abs for 1 h. Thereafter, the A549 cells were washed and incubated with PBMCs, which were isolated from healthy adult donors and pre-blocked with 10 μg/mL Ab against the HA-binding receptor NKp46 (9E2, Biolegend, CA, USA), at a 10:1 ratio in the presence of CD107a Abs (H4A3, BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA) and monesin (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) in 0.5% low IgG FBS culture medium for 6 h. After incubation, the surface makers, CD3 of T cells, and CD56 of NK cells were stained. Cytotoxicity was analyzed by flow cytometry and calculated as the percentage of CD3-CD56+ NK cells positive for CD107a.
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Serially diluted RG A/Beijing/1/2003 (H5N1, clade 7) viruses were pre-incubated with 20 μg/mL 2-12D5 or 10 μg/mL 3-32G7.1 for 1 h at 37 °C. The incubated mixtures were then added on MDCK cell monolayer. After 1 h of absorption, the cells were washed with PBS and cultured in DMEM containing 2 μg/mL TPCK-trypsin and 20 μg/mL 2-12D5 or 10 μg/mL 3-32G7.1. Cytopathic effect (CPE) in MDCK cells was monitored by daily observation and confirmed by hemagglutination assay. CPE-positive supernatants with the lowest virus titer were used for subsequent infection. Virus clones were purified from the supernatants from passages 10 and 15 by the plaque formation test. The clones were selected, and the HA gene was sequenced. The mutants were tested for neutralization and binding assay.
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The 3D structures of the variable regions of 2-12D5 and 3-32G7.1 were predicted using Ab homology modeling software PIGS. In addition, comparison studies were performed using the known 81 HA-Ab complex structures in Protein Data Bank to obtain their binding modes with the HA structures of H1, H5, H6, and H9 (PDB codes: 5GJS, 5JW4, 5T08, and 1JSD). Results showed that the binding regions can be classified in two categories: the sialic acid binding cavity at the head of HA and the stem surface of HA. We assumed that these regions are the most likely binding regions. Thus, 3-32G7.1 and 2-12D5 were docked at these two regions using the well-established protein-protein docking tool ZDOCK. 2-12D5 and 3-32G7.1 were finally predicted to interact with the stem surface of HA by comparing the docking scores and structure complementarity. The corresponding 3D figures were drawn with PyMOL Molecular Graphics system (Delano Scientific, Palo Alto, CA, USA).
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We expanded the peripheral blood CD19+ B cells of two patients infected with clade 2.3.4 H5N1 virus. Patient 1 was a 21-year-old female, and her PBMCs were sampled on days 12 after disease onset. Patient 2 was a 30-year-old male, and his PBMCs were sampled on days 21. Both patients recovered from infection. The H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.4 were isolated from the two patients. The corresponding B cell cultures were initially screened by rH5, rH7-binding test, and NT with H5N1 pps. The results showed that B cells with pps NT activity or cross-reactivity are present in peripheral blood with very low proportions of 0.33% and 0.24%, respectively. The genes of 2-12D5 were selected from the B cells of Patient 1 with > 80% pps NT activity, while those of 3-32G7.1 were obtained from the B cells of Patient 2 that bound to H5 and H7.
The antigenic-binding profiles of 2-12D5 and 3-32G7.1, together with their in vitro neutralizing and ADCC activities, were characterized. 2-12D5 bound to cell surface-expressed HAs across different clusters of Group 1 HA, including H1, H5, H6, H9, H11, and H12, while 3-32G7.1 bound with H1, H5, and H6 (Table 1). We first performed HI tests of the two Abs against H5N1 and H7N9 and observed no activity (data not shown). We then carried out binding competitive ELISA between the mAbs with a biotin-labeled VH1-69 stem-directed mAb, CR6261. The binding of labelled CR6261 to H5 after pre-incubation with saturating concentrations of 2-12D5 and 3-32G7.1 decreased to 9.8% ± 1.9% and 21.1% ± 0.7%, respectively; by comparison, the binding of biotin-CR6261 with the control containing an unrelated Ab was 103.9% ± 0.3%. The reduced binding of CR6261 to rH5 implies that epitopes recognized by the two Abs overlap with the stem epitope of CR6261.
We measured the IC50 neutralization titers (i.e., the Ab concentration resulting in 50% reduction in infectivity) of the two Abs by using live viruses and tested their neutralizing effects by using plaque reduction tests. MDCK cells were inoculated with virus without TPCK-trypsin. After 1 h of absorption, unabsorbed viruses were washed off, and Avicell with the tested Abs and TPCK-trypsin were added to the MDCK cells. As shown in Table 1, 2-12D5 inhibited the formation of plaques by the H1, H5, H6, and H9 viruses, and 3-32G7.1 inhibited those by the seasonal H1, pdmH1 and H5 viruses.
Besides targeting virus, the BnAbs interact with immune cells via ADCC or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) to cleave virus-infected cells in vivo. ADCC effects could be detected in healthy adults even without detectable neutralizing Abs against novel influenza viruses[29]. Because HA stem-targeting Abs are potent inducers of ADCC activity, we measured the abilities of the two Abs to activate the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells by CD107a staining. The percentage of activated CD107a+ NK cells remarkably increased upon co-culture with 2009 pdmH1N1- or H5N6-infected target cells pre-bound with 2-12D5 or 3-32G7.1 relative to that with no Ab (Figure 1). Interestingly, the effects of 2-12D5 were comparable with those of MEDI8852, which is currently known as the anti-flu BnAb with the greatest neutralizing and ADCC activities.
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Previously, it was found that BnAbs triggered by H5 infection employ VH1-69 and VH4-46 germline genes, while the H5N1 vaccine induces VH1-18- and VH6-1-encoded BnAbs[11,24]. Here, we found that 2-12D5 utilizes VH1-69, which is a commonly used gene for neutralizing antibodies against many other viruses, and 3-32G7.1 utilizes VH1-2, which is a gene rarely used by anti-flu BnAbs (Tables 2–4). Two Abs carried a relatively low level of somatic hypermutations (SHMs) in the V genes (frequency is 5.90% and 2.78% for VH; 0.34% and 0.35% for VL), and 15 and 18 amino acids in HCDR3, respectively (Table 2). The VH1-69 gene detected in this work used VH1-69*01, which belongs to the F54-encoding alleles of the VH1-69 germline, including VH1-69 *01, *03, *05,*06, *07, *12, and *13[18]. Interestingly, the typical signature, IFY, an unique feature of VH1-69 BnAbs binding with the HA stem, was also found. Some signature mutations, including S30R in HCDR1 and P52aA in HCDR2, resulting in the high affinity described in a previous comprehensive study[19,20] were also found in 2-12D5 (Table 4).
Ab clone V gene Somatic mutation rate in V gene (% nucleotide) D gene J gene Somatic mutation rate in J gene (% nucleotide) Amino acid No. of CDR 2-12D5 VH1-69*01 5.90 DH2-15*01 JH4*02 8.33 8.8.15 Vλ4-69*01 0.34 − Jλ3*02 0.00 7.7.10 3-32G7.1 VH1-2*02 2.78 DH3-9*01 JH5*01 23.53 8.8.18 Vκ3-20*01 0.35 − Jκ4*01 7.89 7.3.9 Note. The VH, D, and JH sequences were compared by using the IMGT database. ‘−’ denotes the gene without the segment. Table 2. The gene characteristics of 2-12D5 and 3-32G7.1
mAb VH DH JH SHMs in VH (aa) VL JL SHMs in VL (aa) Access #/reference CR6261 1-69*01 2-2*01 6*04 15 Vκ1-51*01 2*01/03*01 7 GenBank: HI919029.1/
GenBank: HI919031.1F10 1-69*01 NA NA 13 Vκ10-54*01 3*02 5 PDB: 3FKU_T MAb1.12 1-69*06 NA 6 21 − − 14 [16] CR9114 1-69*06 3-10*01 6*02 17 Vκ1-44*01 7-*01 11 GenBank:JX213639.1/
GenBank: JX213640.127F3 1-69*06 NA NA 14 − − − [15] 2-12D5 1-69*01 2-15*01 4*02 12 Vλ4-69*01 3*02 1 The study CH65 1-2 1-1 6 12 Vκ3-21 2 − [6] 3-32G7.1 1-2 3-9*01 5*-01 3 Vκ3-20 4*01 2 The study FI6v3 3-30*03F/
3-30*18/
3-30-5*013-9*01 4*02 8 Vκ4-1*01 J1*01 32 GenBank: JN234435.1/
GenBank: JN234444.1S9-3-37 1-18 3-9 − − Vκ2-24 − − [13] 31.b.09 1-18 3-9 − − − − − [13] 31.d.01 3-30 3-9 − − − − − [13] 54.e.01 7-4-1 3-9 − − − − − [13] 56.ND.12 3-23 3-9 − − − − − [13] 56.h.01 3-23 3-9 − − − − − [13] 02-1A05 1-2 3-9 4 − Vκ3-20 − − [31] 04-1B12 1-2 3-9 4 − Vλ2-14 − − [31] 27-1C08 1-2 3-9 6 − Vλ2-14 − − [31] Note. ‘−’ denotes not available. Table 3. The VDJ and VJ gene and somatic hypermutations of VH1-69-, VH1-2-, and D3-9-encoded Abs against influenza virus
Abs/gemline gene CDR1-IMGT FR2-IMGT CDR2-IMGT FR3-IMGT CDR3-IMGT 26------30--33 34----------40----------------------50 5152a----------57 58-60------------------70------------------80--82abc---------------90-92 93------100----------102 VH1-69*01 GGTFSSYA ISWVRQAPGQGLEWMGG IIPIFGTA NYAQKFQGRVTITADESTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYC AR F10 EV....F. ..............L.. .S.M...P ...............Q..R....D.R............ ..SP---SYICSGGTCVFDH CR6261 ..P.R... ...........P..... .......T K..P...........DFAG.V.............M... .KHM---GYQVRET---MDV 2-12D5 .V..R.F. F................ .TA...VV ..........................G.T......... .KEAG---YYS--GRSHFDD 27C3 ....GN.. .N............... .S....PP K...........S..I.S.....D....S.D....... ..KLEPPYYFYSY----MDV CR9114 ...SNN.. ............D.... .S....ST A...........S..IFSN......N..T.......F. ..--HGNYYYYSG----MDV VH1-69*06 ........ ................. ........ ...............K...................... .. VH1-2*02 GYTFTGYY MHWVRQAPGQGLEWMGW INPNSGGT NYAQKFQGWVTMTRDTSISTAYMELSRLRSDDTAVYYC AR 3-32G7.1 GYTFTGYY IHWVRQAPGQGLEWMGW INPNSGGT NYAQKFQARVTMTKDTSISTAYMELSRLRSDDTAVYYC ARGDHVLRYFDWQSSEPS CH65 GYTFTDYH INWVRQAPGQGLEWMGW IHPNSGDT NYAQKFQGWVTMTRDTAISTAYMEVNGLKSDDTAVYYC ARGGLEPRSVDYYYYGMDV VRC01 GYEFIDCT LNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGW LKPRGGAV NYARPLQGRVTMTRDVYSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFC TRGKNCDYNWDFEH FI6 GFTFSTA MHWVRQAPGRGLEWVAV ISYDGNYK YYADSVKGRFSISRDNSNNTLHLEMNTLRTEDTALYYC AKDSQLRSLLYEWLSQGYFDYW S9-3-37 − − − − LGYFDWL 31.b.09 − − − − HILTGF 31.d.01 − − − − DSLFQLRYFDWLLGDAFNI 54.e.01 − − − − DPLQLILRYFDWLFKPLDY 56.ND.12 − − − − GAHLGRIELRYFEWLRKDYYYYGMDV 56.h.01 − − − − GAHLGRIELRYFEWLRKDYYYYGMDV 02-1A05 − − − − CARDSGMRYFDWLSGYFDFW 04-1B12 − − − − CARVGKLQYFDWPAHYFDYW 27-1C08 − − − − CARDKGLRYFDWLSGGMDVW Note. The amino acid sequences of VH1-69-encoded Abs, CR6261, F10, CR9114, and 27F3 (green background), VH1-2-encoded CH65 and VRC01 (white background), D3-9-encoded S9-3-37, 31.b.09, 31.d.01, 54.e.01, 56.ND.12, 56.h.01, 02-1A05, 04-1B12, and 27-1C08 (grey background) as well as 2-12D5 and 3-32G7.1 in the study, which were highlighted with red color were aligned. Residue positions are according to Kabat numbering. Dots indicate identical residues. The CDRs defined by IMGT were marked. The sites previously reported to mediate the binding to the HA glycoprotein of influenza virus are highlighted by red color and the amino acids in the corresponding residues in this study are highlighted in green color. '−' denotes not available. The sequence of D gene in CDR3 of Abs, 3-32G7.1, FI6, S9-3-37, 31.b.09, 31.d.01, 54.e.01, 56.ND.12, 56.h.01, 02-1A05, 04-1B12, and 27-1C08, was labeled with underline. The F/L at the residue 100e interacts with the HA stem, which are highlighted by blue color. Table 4. The molecular signature of VH1-69- and VH1-2-encoded Abs
3-32G7.1 carried significantly fewer SHMs compared with 2-12D5 (Tables 3 and 4) and showed a VH1-2+D3-9 lineage. Attention related to the VH1-2 gene has focused on the CD4-binding mAb VRC01, which presents an unusual breadth of neutralizing activity against HIV. This Ab binds to CD4 via its HCDR2 and acquires a large number of somatic mutations from several years of infection[30]. VH1-2- or VH1-2+D3-9-encoded BnAbs recognize the conserved epitopes via different contacting interfaces; for example, the CH65 encoded by the VH1-2 gene incorporates its CDRH3 with HA RBD[6], and 27-1C08 uses the specific motif ‘LXYFXWL’ in the D segment to interact with the HA stem[31]. Specifically, the amino acid ‘F’ in the motif bind to the HA stem. The Ab 3-32G7.1 detected in this work targeted the HA stem, and the motif ‘VLRYFDW’ and the unique ‘F’ were found in its D segment. No somatic mutations were found in its HCDR1 and HCDR2 (Table 4).
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We modeled the 3D structures and binding-modes of 2-12D5 and 3-32G7.1 using PIGS[32] and ZDOCK[33] by comparing the homology of HA regions and CDR fragments from previously reported X-ray crystal structures (PDB codes: 5GJS, 5GJT, 5JW3, and 5JW4) (Figure 2A and 2B). Although their CDRs are obviously different, both BnAbs were predicted to target the HA stem region, which is a common epitope observed in many HA-Abs complexes. This region is formed by two parallel alpha helices and the surrounding loops with a hydrophobic hollow area in the center (Figure 2C). This area consists of a group of conserved residues (I45, W21, and G20 at HA2) in various HA subtypes, which allow the Abs to neutralize various influenza viruses. A critical residue next to the hollow area is a glycosylation site (N38, T38, or S38) in H3 and H7, compared with H38 in H1, H5, H6, and H9. The presence of the glycan hinders their binding to Group 2 HA stem. Thus, most of the BnAbs that neutralize H1, H5, H6, and H9 do not work in H3 or H7.
The escape variants of RG-A/Beijing/1/2003 (H5N1, clade 7) were generated to confirm their epitope localization. Variants carrying I45M and I45T in HA2 were detected in the presence of 20 μg/mL 2-12D5 and 10 μg/mL 3-32G7.1, respectively. The mutants were resistant to Ab neutralization (IC50 > 160 μg/mL, Table 5) and showed reduced binding capacities to the two Abs (45.7% ± 2.1%, 58.3% ± 4.2%; 78.1% ± 5.5%, and 82.3% ± 4.4% of the bindings of WT virus for 2-12D5 and 3-32G7.1, respectively, Figure 3). Interestingly, I45T escape mutants against 3-32G7.1 were observed at earlier passages and showed a frequency higher than that of 2-12D5 (Table 5).
Escape mutation Selected by the Abs HA domain Mutation occurance among clones (P10) Mutation occurance among clones (P15) IC50 neutralization titers (μg/mL) 2-12D5 3-32G7.1 I45 no − 5/5 5/5 5 2.5 I45M 2-12D5 Helix A of HA2 2/32 5/5 > 160 > 160 I45T 3-32G7.1 Helix A of HA2 31/32 5/5 > 160 > 160 Note. ‘−’denotes not available. Table 5. IC50 neutralization titers against RG A/Beijing/1/2003 (H5N1, Clade 7) and its mutants
The HA stem is vital for HA conformational changes or membrane fusion during viral infection. A variety of escape mutations detected in HA stem-reactive BnAbs, including HA2 H111L of the H5N1 virus for CR6261; V466I or R526G in HA of the 2009 pdmH1N1 virus for CR9114; S123G, N460S, and N203V in HA, and E329K in NA of seasonal H1N1 for F10; T318K in HA of H1N1 virus, and HA2 V52E of H2N2 virus for C179, suggest that crucial residues for infection may vary among different subtypes of viruses[8,34,35]. An HA1 N21S/Y detected in mutants escaping from AbS9-3-37 with a D3-9-encoded HCDR3 suggests that the residue is associated with HA fusion activity but not a loss of a direct Ag–Ab interaction could be involved[36]. Further studies on the escape mechanism of HA stem-BnAbs are needed.
The known crystal structure of HA (PDB code: 5JW4) demonstrates that I45 in HA2 locates in the alpha helix in the HA stem, which is in a core region of the antigen-Ab binding interface (Figure 2C). After viral absorption, fusion occurs between viral and host cell membranes via HA refolding of its secondary and tertiary structures. The crystal structure of HA at the fusion state (PDB code: 1HTM) shows that I45 is embedded in the hydrophobic core of the triple helix (Figure 2D). Our findings that the substitution at Site 45 in HA2 of H5N1 for the two HA stem-reactive BnAbs did support the critical roles of I45.
Cross-neutralizing Anti-hemagglutinin Antibodies Isolated from Patients Infected with Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus
doi: 10.3967/bes2020.014
- Received Date: 2019-06-14
- Accepted Date: 2019-09-18
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Key words:
- VH1-69 /
- D3-9 /
- Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus /
- Cross-neutralizing /
- Antibody
Abstract:
Citation: | SUN Ying, CAO Yang, LI Zi, BAI Tian, ZHANG Hong, HU Shi Xiong, LI Fang Cai, ZHAO Xiang, CHEN Yong Kun, LU Jian, LIU Li Qi, WANG Da Yan, SHU Yue Long, ZHOU Jian Fang. Cross-neutralizing Anti-hemagglutinin Antibodies Isolated from Patients Infected with Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus[J]. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2020, 33(2): 103-113. doi: 10.3967/bes2020.014 |