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The demographic characteristics of the study participants are presented in Table 1. The number of participants in urban and rural areas was the same. Of the 1,195 caregivers, 84.8% were mothers, 73.1% of them were 26–35 years old, and nearly two-thirds (63.6%) had college or higher education. About half of the children were boys (51.8%).
Characteristic Subgroup N (%) Area Urban 604 (50.5) Rural 591 (49.5) Child’s age (months) 0–5 425 (35.6) 6–11 328 (26.6) 12–23 234 (19.6) 24–35 218 (18.2) Child’s gender Boy 619 (51.8) Girl 576 (48.2) Caregiver’s identity Mother 1,013 (84.8) Father 130 (10.9) Others 52 (4.3) Caregiver’s age (years) 20–25 146 (12.2) 26–30 535 (44.8) 31–35 338 (28.3) ≥ 36 176 (14.7) Caregiver’s education level High school or lower 435 (36.4) College or higher 760 (63.6) Family’s monthly income (RMB) ≤ 5,000 263 (22.0) 5,001–10,000 472 (39.5) > 10,000 460 (38.5) Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the study participants (N = 1,195)
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Figure 1 presents the prevalence of sleep arrangements and soothing methods at different ages. The bed-sharing practice was very prevalent at any age, ranging from 69.9% at 0–5 months to 78.3% at 6–11 months. The bed-sharing rate increased gradually before age 1 year and then decreased gradually. However, no significant difference was found among age groups (χ2 = 9.16, P = 0.165). As regards soothing methods, most infants fell asleep while feeding, ranging from 41.8% to 44.7% before age 1 year. As the child grows, the rate of feeding and being rocked/held to fall asleep declined steadily, whereas the rate of falling asleep in bed near parents increased gradually (χ2 = 285.87, P < 0.001). By age 35 months, 62.4% of the children fell asleep in bed near their parents. The rates of falling asleep in bed alone were the lowest before age 1 year, ranging from 7.1% at 0–5 months to 8.2% at 6–11 months, and increased to 22.9% by 35 months.
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The most common reason for bed-sharing for infants before age 6 months was breastfeeding/feeding (44.9%). After age 6 months, more than half of the caregivers chose bed-sharing because of convenience, ranging from 55.4% at 6–11 months to 70.2% at 24–35 months (Table 2).
Reason 0–5 months 6–11 months 12–23 months 24–35 months Breastfeeding/feeding 119 (44.9) 67 (29.0) 19 (12.4) 2 (1.4) Convenience 103 (38.9) 128 (55.4) 90 (58.8) 99 (70.2) Bonding 7 (2.6) 7 (3.0) 13 (8.5) 14 (9.9) Natural 26 (9.8) 24 (10.4) 23 (15.0) 20 (14.2) Others 10 (3.8) 5 (2.2) 8 (5.2) 6 (4.3) Table 2. Distribution of reasons for bed-sharing [n (%)]
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The results of the bivariate analyses with regard to factors related to frequent night awakenings and difficulty falling asleep are presented in Table 3. The rate of frequent night awakenings tended to decrease with age, from 38.6% at 0–5 months to 2.3% at 24–35 months (χ2 = 138.86, P < 0.001). Globally, 22.5% of children aged 0–35 months experienced frequent night awakenings, and 13.6% of children across all ages have difficulty falling asleep, and the lowest prevalence was noted in children aged 6–11 months (χ2 = 11.10, P = 0.011). A significant association was noted between soothing methods and frequent night awakenings (P < 0.001) and difficulty falling asleep (P = 0.022). Among children, boys (P = 0.042) were likely to have frequent night awakenings, and families with monthly income ≤ 5,000 RMB (P = 0.030) were more likely to report difficulty falling asleep. No significant differences were found between different sleep arrangements (bed-sharing or not), area, caregiver’s age, and education.
Characteristic Subgroup Frequent night awakenings Difficulty falling asleep No Yes P No Yes P Child’s age
(months)0–5 261 (61.4) 164 (38.6) < 0.001 349 (82.1) 76 (17.9) 0.011 6–11 240 (75.6) 78 (24.5) 286 (89.9) 32 (10.1) 12–23 212 (90.6) 22 (9.4) 206 (88.0) 28 (12.0) 24–35 213 (97.7) 5 (2.3) 192 (88.1) 26 (11.9) Area Urban 469 (77.6) 135 (22.4) 0.894 528 (87.4) 76 (12.6) 0.320 Rural 457 (77.3) 134 (22.7) 505 (85.4) 86 (14.6) Child’s gender Boy 465 (75.1) 154 (24.9) 0.042 536 (86.6) 83 (13.4) 0.877 Girl 461 (80.0) 115 (20.0) 497 (86.3) 79 (13.7) Caregiver’s age
(years)20–25 110 (75.3) 36 (24.7) 0.060 127 (87.0) 19 (13.0) 0.132 26–30 405 (75.7) 130 (24.3) 449 (83.9) 86 (16.1) 31–35 261 (77.2) 77 (22.8) 301 (89.1) 37 (10.9) ≥ 36 150 (85.2) 26 (14.8) 156 (88.6) 20 (11.4) Caregiver’s Education level High school or lower 343 (78.9) 92 (21.1) 0.394 372 (85.5) 63 (14.5) 0.479 College or higher 583 (76.7) 177 (23.3) 661 (87.0) 99 (13.0) Family’s monthly income (RMB) ≤ 5,000 200 (76.0) 63 (24.0) 0.473 215 (81.7) 48 (18.3) 0.030 5,001–10,000 361 (76.5) 111 (23.5) 410 (86.9) 62 (13.1) > 10,000 365 (79.3) 95 (20.7) 408 (88.7) 52 (11.3) Bed-sharing No 251 (78.4) 69 (21.6) 0.635 276 (86.2) 44 (13.8) 0.906 Yes 675 (77.1) 200 (22.9) 757 (86.5) 118 (13.5) Soothing methods In bed alone 127 (90.1) 14 (9.9) < 0.001 133 (94.3) 8 (5.7) 0.022 Feeding 218 (57.4) 162 (42.6) 330 (86.8) 50 (13.2) Rocked/held 217 (81.6) 49 (18.4) 224 (84.2) 42 (15.8) In bed near parents 364 (89.2) 445 (10.8) 346 (84.8) 62 (15.2) Table 3. Variables associated with frequent night awakenings and difficulty falling asleep by bivariate analyses [n (%)]
The results of the logistic regression analyses are presented in Table 4. Children who fell asleep while feeding were more likely to have frequent night awakenings (OR = 3.50, 95% CI 1.87–6.54). The risks of having difficulty falling asleep were almost three times higher in children who fell asleep being rocked/held (OR = 2.72, 95% CI 1.21–6.12) and in bed near parents (OR = 2.89, 95% CI 1.33–6.28). In addition, significant associations were found between sleep variables and child’s age, gender, and family’s monthly income. No association was noted between bed-sharing and sleep variables.
Item Frequent night awakenings Difficulty falling asleep β P OR (95% CI) β P OR (95% CI) Constants −1.19 0.007 −2.09 < 0.001 Child’s age (Ref: 0–5 months) 6–11 −0.67 < 0.001 0.51 (0.37, 0.72) −0.65 0.004 0.52 (0.33, 0.82) 12–23 −1.56 < 0.001 0.21 (0.13, 0.35) −0.50 0.054 0.61 (0.38, 1.01) 24–35 −2.83 < 0.001 0.06 (0.02, 0.15) −0.43 0.122 0.65 (0.38, 1.12) Child’s gender (Ref: boy) −0.35 0.025 0.71 (0.52, 0.96) 0.01 0.953 1.01 (0.72, 1.42) Area (Ref: urban) 0.12 0.476 1.13 (0.81, 1.56) −0.02 0.933 0.98 (0.68, 1.43) Caregiver’s age (Ref: 20–25 years) 26–30 0.18 0.463 1.20 (0.74, 1.93) 0.31 0.268 1.37 (0.79, 2.39) 31–35 0.12 0.655 1.12 (0.68, 1.87) −0.06 0.848 0.94 (0.51, 1.74) ≥ 36 −0.16 0.623 0.86 (0.46, 1.60) −0.07 0.833 0.93 (0.47, 1.85) Caregiver’s education level
(Ref: High school or lower)0.12 0.511 1.13 (0.79, 1.61) −0.04 0.861 0.97 (0.65, 1.43) Family’s monthly income (Ref: ≤ 5,000 RMB) 5,001–10,000 −0.02 0.931 0.98 (0.66, 1.48) −0.37 0.097 0.69 (0.45, 1.07) > 10,000 −0.07 0.774 0.94 (0.60, 1.47) −0.53 0.034 0.59 (0.36, 0.96) Bed-sharing (Ref: no) 0.07 0.712 1.07 (0.75, 1.52) −0.10 0.625 0.91 (0.61, 1.34) Soothing methods
(Ref: alone)Feeding 1.25 < 0.001 3.50 (1.87, 6.54) 0.76 0.066 2.13 (0.95, 4.76) Rocked/held 0.05 0.879 1.05 (0.54, 2.05) 1.00 0.015 2.72 (1.21, 6.12) In bed near parents 0.11 0.755 1.11 (0.57, 2.18) 1.06 0.007 2.89 (1.33, 6.28) Table 4. Variables associated with frequent night awakenings and difficulty falling asleep by logistic regression (N = 1,195)
Understanding the Choice of Sleep Arrangements and Soothing Methods and Their Associations with Sleep Problems among Children Under 3 Years Old: A Chinese Population-Based Study
doi: 10.3967/bes2022.031
- Received Date: 2021-04-13
- Accepted Date: 2021-12-13
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Key words:
- Sleep arrangements /
- Soothing methods /
- Sleep /
- Children
Abstract:
Citation: | FENG Wei Wei, ZHANG Yue, WANG Hui Shan, PAN Xiao Ping, JIN Xi, XU Tao, ZHANG Tong. Understanding the Choice of Sleep Arrangements and Soothing Methods and Their Associations with Sleep Problems among Children Under 3 Years Old: A Chinese Population-Based Study[J]. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2022, 35(3): 225-233. doi: 10.3967/bes2022.031 |