-
The average of the Mankin scores given by the two pathologists was used as the score for the sample (ICC0.983, indicating good consistency). Paraffin samples from all the sham groups showed relatively normal articular cartilage. The morphology of the articular cartilage at 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks postoperatively was analyzed by HE staining (Figure 3A-3H). For the four time periods, the Mankin scores were 4.5 ± 0.5, 7.2 ± 1.0, 10.2 ± 1.2, and 12.3 ± 1.0, respectively, in the bone defect group and 4.0 ± 0.8, 5.8 ± 1.0, 6.8 ± 1.2, and 8.7 ± 1.0, respectively, in the bone cement group. The Mankin scores increased in both groups with the increasing of time (Table 1). When compared with the corresponding sham groups, there were significant differences in Mankin score between the bone defect group and the cement group (P < 0.05) at 8, 16, and 24 weeks postoperatively. There was a significant difference in Mankin score between the bone defect group and the bone cement group at 16 and 24 weeks postoperatively (P < 0.05).
Figure 3. HE staining of articular cartilage. A. In the bone cement group, at 4 weeks postoperatively, there was no obvious abnormity in articular cartilage. The chondrocytes in the lower layers have a long columnar arrangement. HE staining of the cartilage matrix was blue with a clear continuous tide line (white arrow) (HE × 10). B. At 8 weeks postoperatively, chondrocytes on the experimental side have a disordered arrangement. Multiple tide lines (white arrows) and clusters of chondrocytes (black arrows) can be seen in the deeper layers (HE × 40). C. At 16 weeks postoperatively, multiple tide lines appear on the experimental side (white arrows) along with vascular invasion tide lines (black arrow) (HE × 40). D. At 24 weeks postoperatively, fibrosis of the cartilage surface is observed on the experimental side (black arrow). There is also a significant reduction in the number of chondrocytes present. The tide line has disappeared with a marked reduction instaining of the cartilage matrix (HE × 20). E. In the bone defect group, at 4 weeks postoperatively, the number of chondrocytes has extensively increased on the experimental side. Multiple tide lines (white arrows) and clusters of chondrocytes (black arrow) may be seen and the extent of cartilage matrix staining is mildly decreased (HE × 20). F. At 8 weeks postoperatively, small defects appear on the surface of the cartilage on the experimental side (black arrow). The arrangement of the cells is disordered and the extent of cartilage matrix staining is moderately decreased. Multiple tide lines have appeared (HE × 10). G. At 16 weeks postoperatively, fibrosis of the cartilage surface is observed on the experimental side (black arrow). There is also a significant reduction in the number of chondrocytes present. The cells have smaller nuclei with reduced cytoplasm. The tide line has disappeared, with a marked reduction in staining of the cartilage matrix (HE × 10). H. At 24 weeks postoperatively, thinner layers of cartilage are observed on the experimental side. The normal cartilage layers have disappeared and there is severe fibrosis of the cartilage matrix (black arrows). The number of chondrocytes is significantly decreased and the tide line has disappeared (HE × 20). Abbreviation: HE, hematoxylin and eosin.
Table 1. Modified Mankin Scores in the Bone Defect Group and the Bone Cement Group
Postoperative
WeekBone
Defect
GroupSham
GroupZ P-value Bone
Cement
GroupSham
GroupZ P-value Z△ P△ 4 4.5 ± 0.5 2.0 ± 0.6 -1.841 0.066 4.0 ± 0.8 2.2 ± 0.5 -1.604 0.109 -1.517 0.129 8 7.2 ± 1.0 1.8 ± 0.8 -2.032 0.042 5.8 ± 1.0 2.5 ± 0.8 -2.060 0.039 -1.888 0.059 16 10.2 ± 1.2 2.5 ± 0.5 -2.023 0.043 6.8 ± 1.2 2.0 ± 0.8 -2.023 0.043 -2.309 0.021 24 12.3 ± 1.0 2.8 ± 0.5 -2.041 0.041 8.7 ± 1.0 2.3 ± 0.6 -2.041 0.041 -2.309 0.021 Note.Zand P represent comparisons between the bone defect group or the cement group and the corresponding sham group using the Wilcoxon test. Z△and P△represent comparisons between the bone defect group and the cement group in the same time period using the Mann-Whitney U test. -
Pseudocolor T2 images showed the normal articular cartilage of the tibial plateau to have a smooth and continuous appearance, with a lower color scale and homogeneous signals (Figure 4A). Degeneration of articular cartilage was indicated by a focal or overall increase in the color scale, which could be uneven. Focal areas of increased color scale could be observed (Figure 4B-4D). The T2 values for the anterior, mid, and posterior cartilage areas were shown in Table 2 in the bone defect group and bone cement group.
Figure 4. Magnetic resonance T2-mapping pseudocolor images of sagittal cartilage in the canine knee. A. In the bone cement group, at 8 weeks postoperatively, the sham side shows normal cartilage with a smooth and continuous articular surface. The color scale is relatively low and the signals are homogenous. B. In the bone cement group, at 8 weeks postoperatively, the experimental side shows an overall increase in color scale across the articular cartilage of the tibial plateau. The color scale is not uniform. C. In the bone cement group, at 24 weeks postoperatively, the experimental side shows an overall increase of color scale across the articular cartilage of tibial plateau. The color scale is not uniform and is focused in the posterior (white arrow). D. In the bone defect group, at 24 weeks postoperatively, the experimental side shows an overall increase incolor scale across the articular cartilage of the tibial plateau. The color scale is not uniform and is focused in the posterior (white arrow).
Table 2. T2 Values (ms) for Articular Cartilage in the Bone Defect Group and Bone Cement Group
Postoperative
WeekAnterior Mid Posterior Anterior Mid Posterior P1 P2 P3 Bone defect group Sham group 4 32.8 ± 1.3 33.2 ± 2.3 40.7 ± 1.3 33.1 ± 2.9 34.4 ± 8.2 35.6 ± 2.6 0.771 0.865 0.020 8 36.6 ± 1.3 39.6 ± 1.0 43.5 ± 2.9 35.2 ± 3.5 35.7 ± 1.6 37.5 ± 1.8 0.366 0.016 0.024 16 37.9 ± 2.6 43.1 ± 1.3 44.7 ± 0.2 34.4 ± 0.8 37.4 ± 0.2 36.2 ± 1.2 0.076 0.017 0.006 24 39.6 ± 0.3 47.1 ± 2.8 48.4 ± 2.1 35.3 ± 0.9 38.4 ± 0.5 38.4 ± 1.7 0.006 0.042 0.001 Bone cement Sham group 4 32.7 ± 2.1 36.0 ± 1.5 36.5 ± 6.1 32.1 ± 1.1 31.4 ± 6.5 36.6 ± 1.2 0.787 0.365 0.988 8 35.2 ± 1.9 39.6 ± 2.7 39.8 ± 1.6 33.7 ± 1.9 36.7 ± 1.5 37.4 ± 3.3 0.184 0.296 0.129 16 37.1 ± 0.3 42.1 ± 0.8 43.5 ± 1.9 36.3 ± 3.0 36.7 ± 1.1 38.1 ± 1.3 0.705 0.027 0.045 24 39.8 ± 1.7 43.6 ± 0.9 43.0 ± 1.8 36.6 ± 1.7 36.6 ± 1.7 37.2 ± 2.2 0.113 0.006 0.011 Note. T2 values are reported as milliseconds. P1, P2, and P3 refer to differences in T2 values between the anterior, mid, and posterior sub-regions of articular cartilage and their corresponding sham values in the bone defect group and the bone cement group (paired-samples t-test). In the bone defect group, the T2 value for the posterior articular cartilage (40.7 ± 1.3 ms) at postoperative week 4 was increased significantly when compared with its sham group (P < 0.05). The T2 values for the mid and posterior cartilage were 39.6 ± 1.0 ms and 43.5 ± 2.9 ms, respectively, at postoperative week 8 and 43.1 ± 1.3 ms and 44.7 ± 0.2 ms at postoperative week 16; these values were significantly different from the corresponding sham groups (P < 0.05). At postoperative week 24, the T2 values for the anterior, mid, and posterior cartilage areas (39.6 ± 0.3 ms, 47.1 ± 2.8 ms, 48.4 ± 2.1 ms, respectively) were significantly different from those in their corresponding sham groups (P < 0.05).
In the bone cement group, the T2 values for the anterior, mid, and posterior cartilage areas were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those in the corresponding sham group at postoperative weeks 4 (32.7 ± 2.1 ms, 36.0 ± 1.5 ms, 36.5 ± 6.1 ms, respectively) and 8 (35.2 ± 1.9 ms, 39.6 ± 2.7 ms, 39.8 ± 1.6 ms). However, the T2 values for the mid and posterior cartilage areas in the bone cement group were significantly different (P < 0.05) from those in the corresponding sham group at postoperative weeks 16 (42.1 ± 0.8 ms, 43.5 ± 1.9 ms) and 24 (43.6 ± 0.9 ms, 43.0 ± 1.8 ms).
The mean T2 value for the three sub-regions of articular cartilage was taken as that of the articular cartilage (ICC 0.963, indicating good consistency). The results are shown in Table 3. In the bone defect group, the T2 values for articular cartilage at postoperative weeks 8, 16, and 24 were 35.6 ± 0.7 ms, 39.9 ± 1.6 ms, 41.9 ± 0.9 ms, and 45.0 ± 0.7 ms, respectively, and were significantly different from those in the corresponding groups (P < 0.05). In the bone cement group, the T2 values for articular cartilage were 35.1 ± 1.1 ms, 38.2 ± 1.6 ms, 40.9 ± 1.3 ms, and 42.1 ± 0.7 ms at postoperative weeks 4, 8, 16, and 24, respectively; the values at postoperative weeks 16 and 24 were significantly different from those in the corresponding sham groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in T2 values between the bone cement and bone defect groups at postoperative weeks 4, 8, and 16. However, there was a significant difference at postoperative week 24 (P < 0.01, Table 3). The relationship between T2 values for articular cartilage and their corresponding Mankin scores in the bone defect group and the bone cement group is shown in Figure 5. There was a statistically significant correlation between the two (ρ = 0.758, P < 0.01, Spearman's test for non-normally distributed samples).
Figure 5. Correlation between T2 value and Mankin score in the bone defect group and the cement group (ρ = 0.758, P < 0.01, Spearman's test).
Table 3. T2 Values for Articular Cartilage in the Bone Defect Group and the Bone Cement Group
Postoperative
WeekBone
Defect
GroupSham Group P-value Bone Cement
GroupSham Group P-value P△ 4 35.6 ± 0.7 34.4 ± 3.2 0.583 35.1 ± 1.1 33.4 ± 2.4 0.236 0.512 8 39.9 ± 1.6 36.1 ± 2.3 0.013 38.2 ± 1.6 35.9 ± 2.0 0.058 0.269 16 41.9 ± 0.9 36.0 ± 0.4 0.004 40.9 ± 1.3 37.1 ± 1.5 0.037 0.313 24 45.0 ± 0.7 37.4 ± 0.4 0.004 42.1 ± 0.7 36.7 ± 1.6 0.011 0.006 Note. T2 values are reported as milliseconds. P denotes comparison between the bone defect/cement group and the corresponding sham group (paired-samples t-test). P△ denotes comparison between the bone defect group and the cement group for the same time period (independent-samples t-test).
doi: 10.3967/bes2017.022
Effects of Structural Changes in Subchondral Bone on Articular Cartilage in a Beagle Dog Model
-
Abstract:
Objective Using MR T2-mapping and histopathologic score for articular cartilage to evaluate the effect of structural changes in subchondral bone on articular cartilage. Methods Twenty-four male Beagle dogs were randomly divided into a subchondral bone defect group (n=12) and a bone cement group (n=12). Models of subchondral bone defectin the medial tibial plateau and subchondral bone filled with bone cement were constructed. In all dogs, the left knee joint was used as the experimental sideand the right knee as the sham side. The T2 value for articular cartilage at the medial tibial plateau was measured at postoperative weeks 4, 8, 16, and 24. The articular cartilage specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and evaluated using the Mankin score. Results There was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in Mankin score between the bone defect group and the cement group at postoperative weeks 16 and 24. There was a statistically significant difference in the T2 values between the bone defect group and its sham group (P<0.05) from week 8, and between the cement group and its sham group (P<0.05) from week 16. There was significant difference in T2 values between the two experimental groups at postoperative week 24 (P<0.01). The T2 value for articular cartilage was positively correlated with the Mankin score (ρ=0.758, P<0.01). Conclusion Structural changes in subchondral bone can lead to degeneration of the adjacent articular cartilage. Defects in subchondral bone cause more severe degeneration of cartilage than subchondral bone filled with cement. The T2 value for articular cartilage increases with the extent of degeneration. MR T2-mapping images and the T2 value for articular cartilage can indicate earlycartilage degeneration. -
Key words:
- MR T2-mapping /
- Subchondral bone /
- Articular cartilage /
- Degeneration
-
Figure 1. Experimental animals in the bone cement group. Creation of a subchondral bone defect model of the tibial plateau (left side) filled with bone cement. A. Computed Tomography (CT) scan, bone window, coronal plane. B. CT scan, bone window, sagittal plane. C. MR FS TSE PDWI, coronal plane, defect depth 10 mm. D. MR FS TSE PDWI, sagittal plane, defect diameter 10 mm.
Figure 2. Representative tibial specimen at different time points postoperatively. A. In the bone defect group, at 4 weeks postoperatively, the sham side shows normal articular cartilage that is smooth in appearance (black arrow). B. In the bone defect group, 4 weeks postoperatively, the experimental side shows normal articular cartilage that is smooth in appearance (black arrow). C. In the bone defect group, at 16 weeks postoperatively, the experimental side shows rough patches containing small granules appearing on the surface of the articular cartilage (black arrow). D. In the bone defect group, at 24 weeks postoperatively, large areas of damaged articular cartilage can be seen on the experimental side (black arrow).
Figure 3. HE staining of articular cartilage. A. In the bone cement group, at 4 weeks postoperatively, there was no obvious abnormity in articular cartilage. The chondrocytes in the lower layers have a long columnar arrangement. HE staining of the cartilage matrix was blue with a clear continuous tide line (white arrow) (HE × 10). B. At 8 weeks postoperatively, chondrocytes on the experimental side have a disordered arrangement. Multiple tide lines (white arrows) and clusters of chondrocytes (black arrows) can be seen in the deeper layers (HE × 40). C. At 16 weeks postoperatively, multiple tide lines appear on the experimental side (white arrows) along with vascular invasion tide lines (black arrow) (HE × 40). D. At 24 weeks postoperatively, fibrosis of the cartilage surface is observed on the experimental side (black arrow). There is also a significant reduction in the number of chondrocytes present. The tide line has disappeared with a marked reduction instaining of the cartilage matrix (HE × 20). E. In the bone defect group, at 4 weeks postoperatively, the number of chondrocytes has extensively increased on the experimental side. Multiple tide lines (white arrows) and clusters of chondrocytes (black arrow) may be seen and the extent of cartilage matrix staining is mildly decreased (HE × 20). F. At 8 weeks postoperatively, small defects appear on the surface of the cartilage on the experimental side (black arrow). The arrangement of the cells is disordered and the extent of cartilage matrix staining is moderately decreased. Multiple tide lines have appeared (HE × 10). G. At 16 weeks postoperatively, fibrosis of the cartilage surface is observed on the experimental side (black arrow). There is also a significant reduction in the number of chondrocytes present. The cells have smaller nuclei with reduced cytoplasm. The tide line has disappeared, with a marked reduction in staining of the cartilage matrix (HE × 10). H. At 24 weeks postoperatively, thinner layers of cartilage are observed on the experimental side. The normal cartilage layers have disappeared and there is severe fibrosis of the cartilage matrix (black arrows). The number of chondrocytes is significantly decreased and the tide line has disappeared (HE × 20). Abbreviation: HE, hematoxylin and eosin.
Figure 4. Magnetic resonance T2-mapping pseudocolor images of sagittal cartilage in the canine knee. A. In the bone cement group, at 8 weeks postoperatively, the sham side shows normal cartilage with a smooth and continuous articular surface. The color scale is relatively low and the signals are homogenous. B. In the bone cement group, at 8 weeks postoperatively, the experimental side shows an overall increase in color scale across the articular cartilage of the tibial plateau. The color scale is not uniform. C. In the bone cement group, at 24 weeks postoperatively, the experimental side shows an overall increase of color scale across the articular cartilage of tibial plateau. The color scale is not uniform and is focused in the posterior (white arrow). D. In the bone defect group, at 24 weeks postoperatively, the experimental side shows an overall increase incolor scale across the articular cartilage of the tibial plateau. The color scale is not uniform and is focused in the posterior (white arrow).
Table 1. Modified Mankin Scores in the Bone Defect Group and the Bone Cement Group
Postoperative
WeekBone
Defect
GroupSham
GroupZ P-value Bone
Cement
GroupSham
GroupZ P-value Z△ P△ 4 4.5 ± 0.5 2.0 ± 0.6 -1.841 0.066 4.0 ± 0.8 2.2 ± 0.5 -1.604 0.109 -1.517 0.129 8 7.2 ± 1.0 1.8 ± 0.8 -2.032 0.042 5.8 ± 1.0 2.5 ± 0.8 -2.060 0.039 -1.888 0.059 16 10.2 ± 1.2 2.5 ± 0.5 -2.023 0.043 6.8 ± 1.2 2.0 ± 0.8 -2.023 0.043 -2.309 0.021 24 12.3 ± 1.0 2.8 ± 0.5 -2.041 0.041 8.7 ± 1.0 2.3 ± 0.6 -2.041 0.041 -2.309 0.021 Note.Zand P represent comparisons between the bone defect group or the cement group and the corresponding sham group using the Wilcoxon test. Z△and P△represent comparisons between the bone defect group and the cement group in the same time period using the Mann-Whitney U test. Table 2. T2 Values (ms) for Articular Cartilage in the Bone Defect Group and Bone Cement Group
Postoperative
WeekAnterior Mid Posterior Anterior Mid Posterior P1 P2 P3 Bone defect group Sham group 4 32.8 ± 1.3 33.2 ± 2.3 40.7 ± 1.3 33.1 ± 2.9 34.4 ± 8.2 35.6 ± 2.6 0.771 0.865 0.020 8 36.6 ± 1.3 39.6 ± 1.0 43.5 ± 2.9 35.2 ± 3.5 35.7 ± 1.6 37.5 ± 1.8 0.366 0.016 0.024 16 37.9 ± 2.6 43.1 ± 1.3 44.7 ± 0.2 34.4 ± 0.8 37.4 ± 0.2 36.2 ± 1.2 0.076 0.017 0.006 24 39.6 ± 0.3 47.1 ± 2.8 48.4 ± 2.1 35.3 ± 0.9 38.4 ± 0.5 38.4 ± 1.7 0.006 0.042 0.001 Bone cement Sham group 4 32.7 ± 2.1 36.0 ± 1.5 36.5 ± 6.1 32.1 ± 1.1 31.4 ± 6.5 36.6 ± 1.2 0.787 0.365 0.988 8 35.2 ± 1.9 39.6 ± 2.7 39.8 ± 1.6 33.7 ± 1.9 36.7 ± 1.5 37.4 ± 3.3 0.184 0.296 0.129 16 37.1 ± 0.3 42.1 ± 0.8 43.5 ± 1.9 36.3 ± 3.0 36.7 ± 1.1 38.1 ± 1.3 0.705 0.027 0.045 24 39.8 ± 1.7 43.6 ± 0.9 43.0 ± 1.8 36.6 ± 1.7 36.6 ± 1.7 37.2 ± 2.2 0.113 0.006 0.011 Note. T2 values are reported as milliseconds. P1, P2, and P3 refer to differences in T2 values between the anterior, mid, and posterior sub-regions of articular cartilage and their corresponding sham values in the bone defect group and the bone cement group (paired-samples t-test). Table 3. T2 Values for Articular Cartilage in the Bone Defect Group and the Bone Cement Group
Postoperative
WeekBone
Defect
GroupSham Group P-value Bone Cement
GroupSham Group P-value P△ 4 35.6 ± 0.7 34.4 ± 3.2 0.583 35.1 ± 1.1 33.4 ± 2.4 0.236 0.512 8 39.9 ± 1.6 36.1 ± 2.3 0.013 38.2 ± 1.6 35.9 ± 2.0 0.058 0.269 16 41.9 ± 0.9 36.0 ± 0.4 0.004 40.9 ± 1.3 37.1 ± 1.5 0.037 0.313 24 45.0 ± 0.7 37.4 ± 0.4 0.004 42.1 ± 0.7 36.7 ± 1.6 0.011 0.006 Note. T2 values are reported as milliseconds. P denotes comparison between the bone defect/cement group and the corresponding sham group (paired-samples t-test). P△ denotes comparison between the bone defect group and the cement group for the same time period (independent-samples t-test). -
[1] Pastoureau PC, Chomel AC, Bonnet J. Evidence of early subchondral bone changes in the meniscectomized guinea pig. A densitometric study using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry subregional analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 1999, 7: 466-73. doi: 10.1053/joca.1999.0241 [2] Guo WS, Li ZR, Cheng LM, et al. The effect of subchondral bone defect in femoral head on structure and metabolism of article cartilage. Natl Med J China, 2008, 88: 2795-8. [3] Hisatome T, Yasunaga Y, Ikuta Y, et al. Effects on articular cartilage of subchondral replacement with polymethylmethacrylate and calcium phosphate cement. J Biomed Mater Res, 2002, 59: 490-8. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4636 [4] Zuo Q, Lu S, Du Z, et al. Characterization of nano-structural and nano-mechanical properties of osteoarthritic subchondral bone. BMC Musculoskeletal Disord, 2016, 17: 367. doi: 10.1186/s12891-016-1226-1 [5] Zamli Z, Robson Brown K, Sharif M. Subchondral bone plate changes more rapidly than trabecular bone in osteoarthritis. Int J MolSci, 2016, 17: 1496. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5037773/ [6] Mosher TJ, Smith H, Dardzinski BJ, et al. MR imaging and T2 mapping of femoral cartilage:in vivo determination of the magic angle effect. Am J Roentgenol, 2001, 177: 665-9. doi: 10.2214/ajr.177.3.1770665 [7] Day JS, Ding M, van der Linden JC, et al. A decreased subchondral trabecular bone tissue elastic modulus is associated with pre-arthritic cartilage damage. J Orthop Res, 2001, 19: 914-8. doi: 10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00012-2 [8] Ding M, Odgaard A, Hvid I. Changes in the three-dimensional microstructure of human tibial cancellous bone in early osteoarthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2003, 85: 906-12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6216580_Changes_in_the_three-dimensional_microstructure_of_human_tibial_cancellous_bone_in_early_osteoarthritis [9] Pan J, Wang B, Li W, et al. Elevated cross-talk between subchondral bone and cartilage in osteoarthritic joints. Bone, 2012, 51: 212-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.11.030 [10] Sharma AR, Jagga S, Lee SS, et al. Interplay between cartilage and subchondral bone contributing to pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci, 2013, 14: 19805-30. doi: 10.3390/ijms141019805 [11] Findlay DM, Kuliwaba JS. Bone-cartilage crosstalk:a conversation for understanding osteoarthritis. Bone Research, 2016, 4: 16028. doi: 10.1038/boneres.2016.28 [12] Lahm A, Uhl M, Edlich M, et al. An experimental canine model for subchondral lesions of the knee joint. Knee Jan, 2005, 12: 51e5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8066502_An_experimental_canine_model_for_subchondral_lesions_of_the_knee_joint [13] Kraus VB, Feng S, Wang S, et al. Subchondral bone trabecular integrity predicts and changes concurrently with radiographic and MRI determined knee osteoarthritis progression. Arthritis Rheum, 2013, 65: 1812-21. doi: 10.1002/art.37970 [14] Mankin HJ, Dorfman H, Lippiello L, et al. Biochemical and metabolic abnormalities in articular cartilage from osteo-arthritic human hips. Ⅱ. Correlation of morphology with biochemical and metabolic data. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1971, 53: 523-37. doi: 10.2106/00004623-197153030-00009 [15] Dietrich W HA, Holzer G, Huber JC, et al.Estrogen receptor-beta is the predominant estrogen receptor subtype in normal human synovial. J Soc Gynecol Investig, 2006, 13: 512-7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6804533_Estrogen_Receptor-b_Is_the_Predominant_Estrogen_Receptor_Subtype_in_Normal_Human_Synovia [16] Harri EP, Jyrki N, Jyrki JP, et al. Subchondral bone remodeling increases in early experimental osteoarthrosis in young beagle dogs. Acta Orthopaedica, 1998, 69: 627-32. doi: 10.3109/17453679808999269 [17] Tomoya M, Hiroshi H, Toru O, et al. Role of Subchondral Bone in Osteoarthritis Development, A Comparative Study of Two Strains of Guinea Pigs With and Without Spontaneously Occurring Osteoarthritis, Arthritis& Rheumatism, 2007, 56: 3366-74. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907190 [18] Andreas HG, Henning M, Gunnar K, et al. The subchondral bone in articular cartilage repair:current problems in the surgical management. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2010, 18: 434-47. doi: 10.1007/s00167-010-1072-x [19] Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW, Norrdin RW, et al. The role of subchondral bone in joint disease:a review. Equine Vet J, 2001, 33: 120-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11266060 [20] Frassica FJ, Gorski JP, Pritchard DJ, et al. A comparative analysis of subchondral replacement with polymethylmethacrylate or autogenous bone grafts in dogs. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1993, 293: 378-90. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8339507 [21] Xu L, Hayashi D, Roemer FW, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of subchondral bone marrow lesions in association with osteoarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 42: 105-18. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.03.009 [22] Taylor C1: Carballido-Gamio J, Majumdar S, et al. Comparison of quantitative imaging of cartilage for osteoarthritis:T2: T1rho, dGEMRIC and contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Magn Reson Imaging, 2009, 27: 779-84. doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2009.01.016 [23] Mosher TJ, Smith HE, Dardzinski BJ. MR Imaging and T2 mapping of femoral cartilage. Am J Roentgeno, 2012, 178: 1569-70. [24] Watrin-Pinzano A, Ruaud JP, Cheli Y, et al. T2 mapping:an efficient MR quantitative technique to evaluate spontaneous cartilage repair in rat patella. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2004, 12: 191-200. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2003.10.010 [25] Lazik-Palm A, Kraff O, Johst S, et al. Morphological and Quantitative 7 T MRI of hip cartilage transplants in comparison to 3 T-initial experiences. Invest Radiol, 2016, 51: 552-9. doi: 10.1097/RLI.0000000000000264 [26] Kang Y, Choi JA. T2 mapping of articular cartilage of the glenohumeral joint at 3.0 T in healthy volunteers:a feasibility study. Skeletal Radiol, 2016, 45: 915-20. doi: 10.1007/s00256-016-2398-3 [27] Atik OS. Is subchondral bone the crucial point for the pathogenesis and the treatment of osteoarthritis? Eklem Hastalik Cerrahisi, 2014, 25: 1. doi: 10.5606/ehc.2014.01 [28] Yuan XL, Meng HY, Wang YC, et al. Bone-cartilage interface crosstalk in osteoarthritis:potential pathways and future therapeutic strategies. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2014, 22: 1077-89. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.023 [29] Li G, Yin J, Gao J, et al. Subchondral bone in osteoarthritis:insight into risk factors and microstructural changes. Arthritis Res Ther, 2013, 15: 223. doi: 10.1186/ar4405 [30] Gray ML, Burstein D, Xia Y. Biochemical (and functional) imaging of articular cartilage J. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol, 2001, 5: 329-43. doi: 10.1055/s-2001-19043