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The characteristics of the 154 included participants were compared with those of the 50 excluded participants, and no significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age, sex, and BMI (P > 0.05). The baseline demographic characteristics of the non-obese group and obese group are shown in Table 1. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of sex, age, household income, and father's and mother's BMI. When combined with parental obesity status, a significant difference was observed between the two groups (Table 1, P < 0.05). The BMI of the obese group was higher than that of the non-obese group (Table 1, P < 0.05).
Table 1. Characteristics of the Study Cohort at Baseline in 2002 (n = 204)
Characteristics Total Non-obese Obese P Female, n (%) 106 (52.0) 99 (54.0) 7 (33.3) 0.129 Age, years, mean (SD) 10.8 (3.2) 10.7 (3.1) 11.8 (3.6) 0.233 BMI, kg/m2 (SD) 17.2 (3.2) 16.5 (2.2) 23.7 (3.6) < 0.0001 Household Income, % 0.115 < 2, 000 Yuan 59.6 61.0 46.7 2, 000-5, 000 Yuan 25.8 26.5 20.0 > 5, 000 Yuan 14.6 12.5 33.3 Father's BMI, kg/m2 (SD) 24.1 (2.9) 24.0 (2.9) 24.7 (2.8) 0.374 Mother's BMI, kg/m2 (SD) 24.0 (3.4) 23.8 (3.4) 25.5 (3.0) 0.066 Father's obesity, yes (%) 9.0 9.2 7.7 0.860 Mother's obesity, yes (%) 11.2 10.2 20.0 0.253 Parental obesity, yes (%) 21.1 18.5 42.9 0.034 Note. Overweight and obesity were defined by using the Chinese standard for children and adults; Parental obesity was defined as either parent being obese. The percentage of non-obese children grow up to non-obese adults was 62.6%, and the percentage of obese children grew up to obese adults was 80.0%. The difference was considered significant (Table 2, P < 0.05). Table 3 shows the results of the multivariate linear regression analyses of adulthood BMI. After adjustment for age, sex, parental BMI at baseline, and household income, the childhood BMI and age were found to be associated with adulthood BMI, with B regression coefficients of 3.76 (95% CI: 1.36-6.16) for childhood BMI in fourth quartile, and 2.61 (95% CI: 0.44-4.78) for age in third quartile (10.0-13.0 years). Results of the logistic regression analyses of the association between childhood obesity and adulthood obesity are shown in Figure 2. Moreover, childhood obesity (OR = 5.76, 95% CI: 1.37-24.34), sex (male) (OR = 2.50, 95% CI: 1.12-5.26), and age in third quartile (10.0-13.0 years) (OR = 3.62, 95% CI: 1.17-11.24) were significantly associated with adult obesity after adjusting for all confounders. By contrast, their parental BMI or obesity status at baseline was not associated with adulthood obesity.
Table 2. Change of Obesity from Childhood to Adulthood, n (%)
Childhood Adulthood Total P Non-obese Obese Non-obese 87 (62.6) 52 (37.4) 139 (100.0) Obese 3 (20.0) 12 (80.0) 15 (100.0) 0.002 Note. Data are shown as n (%). Table 3. Multivariate Linear Regression Model to Evaluate the Effect of Childhood BMI and Parental BMI on Adulthood BMI (β Coefficients and 95 % confidence intervals)
Nariables Adulthood BMI (kg/m2) β 95% CI P Childhood BMI (kg/m2) Q1 0.00 - Q2 0.68 -1.34 to 2.70 0.508 Q3 1.61 -0.68 to 3.91 0.166 Q4 3.76 1.36 to 6.16 0.002 Mother's BMI (kg/m2) Q1 0.00 - Q2 0.92 -1.19 to 3.04 0.387 Q3 0.76 -1.28 to 2.81 0.461 Q4 1.56 -0.53 to 3.64 0.142 Father's BMI (kg/m2) Q1 0.00 - Q2 -0.35 -2.25 to 1.56 0.720 Q3 0.07 -1.86 to 1.99 0.947 Q4 1.77 -0.14 to 3.67 0.069 Age (years) Q1 0.00 - Q2 0.60 -1.44 to 2.64 0.561 Q3 2.61 0.44 to 4.78 0.019 Q4 0.63 -1.58 to 2.84 0.572 Note. Q, quartile. Adjusted for age, sex, parental BMI at baseline, and household income. Figure 2. Associations between childhood obesity and adulthood obesity in China (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals). Parental obesity was defined as either parent being obese. Age_Q1 (6.0-7.9) means that the first quartile range of age was 6.0 years to 7.9 years (similarly hereinafter). Adjustment for age, sex, childhood obesity, parental obesity status at baseline, and household income.
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Table Supplementary Table S1. Basic Characteristics of Inclusion and Exclusion of Samples
Characteristics Inclusion Samples Exclusion Samples Total Samples P Value Sex > 0.05 Male 75 (48.7) 23 (46.0) 98 (48.0) Female 79 (51.3) 27 (54.0) 106 (52.0) Age, years, mean (SD) 10.9 (3.6) 10.6 (3.0) 10.8 (3.2) > 0.05 BMI, kg/m2 (SD) 17.6 (3.5) 17.1 (2.9) 17.2 (3.2) > 0.05
doi: 10.3967/bes2019.023
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Abstract:
Objective Obesity is recognized as a significant risk factor for diabetes and hypertension. The present study aimed to examine the associations between adults' obesity risk and childhood and parental obesity. Methods A total of 204 children aged 6-17 years were recruited in 2002 with an average follow-up period of 13.2 years. Height and body weight were measured by trained staffs. Overweight and obesity were defined based on the Chinese standard for children and adults. T-test, analysis of variance, and Chi-square analysis were used for single factor analysis. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were used to perform multifactor analysis. Results The percentage of non-obese children who grew up to be non-obese adults was 62.6%, and that of obese children who grew up to be obese adults was 80.0%. There was a significant association between childhood body mass index (BMI) and adulthood BMI with a β regression coefficient of 3.76[95% confidence interval (CI):1.36-6.16], and between childhood obesity and adulthood obesity with an odds ratio of 5.76 (95% CI:1.37-24.34). There was no statistical difference between parental obesity at baseline and children's adulthood obesity, after adjustment of confounders. Male participants and those aged 10.0-13.0 years had a higher risk of adulthood obesity with odds ratios of 2.50 (95% CI:1.12-5.26) and 3.62 (95% CI:1.17-11.24), respectively. Conclusion Childhood obesity is an important predictor of adulthood obesity. -
Key words:
- Obesity /
- Children and adolescents /
- Life course epidemiology /
- Cohort study /
- China
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Figure 2. Associations between childhood obesity and adulthood obesity in China (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals). Parental obesity was defined as either parent being obese. Age_Q1 (6.0-7.9) means that the first quartile range of age was 6.0 years to 7.9 years (similarly hereinafter). Adjustment for age, sex, childhood obesity, parental obesity status at baseline, and household income.
Table 1. Characteristics of the Study Cohort at Baseline in 2002 (n = 204)
Characteristics Total Non-obese Obese P Female, n (%) 106 (52.0) 99 (54.0) 7 (33.3) 0.129 Age, years, mean (SD) 10.8 (3.2) 10.7 (3.1) 11.8 (3.6) 0.233 BMI, kg/m2 (SD) 17.2 (3.2) 16.5 (2.2) 23.7 (3.6) < 0.0001 Household Income, % 0.115 < 2, 000 Yuan 59.6 61.0 46.7 2, 000-5, 000 Yuan 25.8 26.5 20.0 > 5, 000 Yuan 14.6 12.5 33.3 Father's BMI, kg/m2 (SD) 24.1 (2.9) 24.0 (2.9) 24.7 (2.8) 0.374 Mother's BMI, kg/m2 (SD) 24.0 (3.4) 23.8 (3.4) 25.5 (3.0) 0.066 Father's obesity, yes (%) 9.0 9.2 7.7 0.860 Mother's obesity, yes (%) 11.2 10.2 20.0 0.253 Parental obesity, yes (%) 21.1 18.5 42.9 0.034 Note. Overweight and obesity were defined by using the Chinese standard for children and adults; Parental obesity was defined as either parent being obese. Table 2. Change of Obesity from Childhood to Adulthood, n (%)
Childhood Adulthood Total P Non-obese Obese Non-obese 87 (62.6) 52 (37.4) 139 (100.0) Obese 3 (20.0) 12 (80.0) 15 (100.0) 0.002 Note. Data are shown as n (%). Table 3. Multivariate Linear Regression Model to Evaluate the Effect of Childhood BMI and Parental BMI on Adulthood BMI (β Coefficients and 95 % confidence intervals)
Nariables Adulthood BMI (kg/m2) β 95% CI P Childhood BMI (kg/m2) Q1 0.00 - Q2 0.68 -1.34 to 2.70 0.508 Q3 1.61 -0.68 to 3.91 0.166 Q4 3.76 1.36 to 6.16 0.002 Mother's BMI (kg/m2) Q1 0.00 - Q2 0.92 -1.19 to 3.04 0.387 Q3 0.76 -1.28 to 2.81 0.461 Q4 1.56 -0.53 to 3.64 0.142 Father's BMI (kg/m2) Q1 0.00 - Q2 -0.35 -2.25 to 1.56 0.720 Q3 0.07 -1.86 to 1.99 0.947 Q4 1.77 -0.14 to 3.67 0.069 Age (years) Q1 0.00 - Q2 0.60 -1.44 to 2.64 0.561 Q3 2.61 0.44 to 4.78 0.019 Q4 0.63 -1.58 to 2.84 0.572 Note. Q, quartile. Adjusted for age, sex, parental BMI at baseline, and household income. Supplementary Table S1. Basic Characteristics of Inclusion and Exclusion of Samples
Characteristics Inclusion Samples Exclusion Samples Total Samples P Value Sex > 0.05 Male 75 (48.7) 23 (46.0) 98 (48.0) Female 79 (51.3) 27 (54.0) 106 (52.0) Age, years, mean (SD) 10.9 (3.6) 10.6 (3.0) 10.8 (3.2) > 0.05 BMI, kg/m2 (SD) 17.6 (3.5) 17.1 (2.9) 17.2 (3.2) > 0.05 -
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